Evelyn Abbott (1843-1901), classical scholar and historian. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he excelled in classics and won the Gaisford Prize for Greek verse (1864), Abbott suffered a spinal injury in a hurdle race in 1866 that left him permanently paralysed. After an early teaching post at Clifton College, he was invited in 1873 by Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol and his lifelong friend, to return to Oxford. Elected Fellow and Tutor of Balliol in 1874, Abbott became a central figure in the college's academic life, teaching Latin, Greek, and later Greek history. He was also Jowett Lecturer in Greek (from 1895), College Librarian (1881-1897), and junior bursar (1882). Abbott was a prolific author and editor, fluent in German and deeply engaged with contemporary German scholarship. His major original work, the three-volume History of Greece (1888-1900), reflected a critical, sceptical approach to Homer and early Greek history. He also co-authored a biography of Jowett with Lewis Campbell (1897), evidencing their close intellectual relationship. ODNB

Friedrich Ludwig Abresch (1699-1782), classical philologist. After studying at the Reformed seminary in Herborn, Abresch continued his education in Utrecht, where he was taught by scholars such as Arnold Drakenborch and Lambertus Duker. Though trained in Roman studies, Abresch turned his attention to Greek literature. He held teaching positions in Middelburg and later in Zwolle, where he served as rector until his death. His work focused on Greek prose and poetry, producing commentaries and critical notes on authors such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Thucydides, and Aristaenetus. DB

Dīnā al-Mallāḥ (20th-21st centuries), translator.

ʿAmr al-Mallāḥ (1972?-) writer and translator who published on Syrian and Middle Eastern history and culture.

Giovan Battista Alberti (1930-2014), a pupil of Giorgio Pasquali, taught in classical high schools from 1954 to 1956. Alberti then worked as a researcher at the Catholic University of Rome, and later became Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Florence. His research focused on the manuscript tradition of Herodotus, Apollonius Rhodius, and Sophocles, and he published an edition of Thucydides.

Giuseppe Albini (1863-1933), classical philologist, poet, and politician. A student of Giosuè Carducci, Albini earned his degree in literature from the University of Bologna in 1886. He began teaching Latin and Greek grammar at Bologna in 1897, and served as dean (1912-1918) and rector (1927-1930) of the university. Albini produced critical editions and translations of Latin authors – most notably Virgil – as well as editions of Persius, Dante, and Giovanni del Virgilio. He also composed poetry in Italian and Latin. In 1923, he was appointed senator of the Kingdom of Italy and had previously served as a Bologna city councilor. Albini was a member of prestigious academic societies, including the Accademia Virgiliana of Mantua and the Deputazione di storia patria per la Romagna. Treccani

Anna Lia Amaral de Almeida Prado (1925-2017), classical scholar, translator, and Professor of Ancient Greek at the University of São Paulo. Almeida Prado earned her doctorate in 1972 at the Universidade de São Paulo with a thesis on Thucydides, which later formed the basis of her translation of Book 1 of the History. Her academic work focused on classical historiography, Greek tragedy, and Platonic political philosophy. In addition to her contributions to Thucydides studies, she translated several major works from Greek into Portuguese, including Plato's Republic.

José Alsina Clota (1926-1993), classical philologist, Professor of Greek Philology at the University of Barcelona. A versatile scholar, Alsina Clota authored works on Greek mythology, literature and philosophy. He also produced insights on modern Greek poets such as Seferis and Cavafis, and explored the influence of classical culture on Catalan authors like Ausiàs March and Carles Riba. Moreover, he rendered into Catalan works by Theocritus, Euripides, and Hippocrates, and into Castilian texts by Lucian of Samosata, Aeschylus, Euripides, Thucydides, and Menander.

Franz Karl Alter (1749-1804), Jesuit and classical philologist. Alter entered the Jesuit order in 1766 and, following its suppression, served as Professor of Greek and later as curator of the University Library in Wien. His scholarly work reflected expertise in Greek, Oriental, and Slavic languages. He published notable critical editions, including the Chronicon of Georgios Phrantzes, the Greek New Testament, and revised Latin translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. DB

Giuseppe Ammendola (20th century), teacher of Greek and Latin at the regio Liceo Garibaldi in Naples. Ammendola edited school commentaries on other classical authors, including Sophocles and Euripides.

Antony Andrewes (1910-1990), historian, Wykeham Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford (1953-1977). During World War II, Andrewes served in the British Army's Intelligence Corps. In 1943, he was deployed to the northern Peloponnese, where he provided support to the Greek resistance. For his contributions, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1945. In 1978, in recognition of his support for the resistance against the Greek Junta, he was honored as a Commander of the Order of the Phoenix by the Greek government. He completed, alongside K. J. Dover, the commentary on Thucydides begun by Gomme. His other notable publications include The Greek Tyrants (1956) and The Greeks (1967). Britac.Ac.

Alessandro Annaratone (20th century), secondary school teacher of Latin and Greek at the Liceo Manzoni in Milan. In addition to his commentary on Thucydides, Annaratone has written other school commentaries, focusing on Virgil's Eclogues and Livy.

Luigi Annibaletto (20th century), classical scholar and secondary school teacher, translator of Thucydides, author of several school textbooks.

Antonio Arbea Gavilán (1943-), philologist and translator. Arbea Gavilán earned a degree in philosophy with a focus on classical languages from the University of Chile in 1974. From 1967 to 1982, he taught Latin, Greek, and historical linguistics at the University of Chile, where he also served as director of the Department of Classical Philology. Between 1982 and 1995, he taught Philosophical Texts in Latin and Greek at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. His research has focused on classical philosophy, Latin humanist comedy, and the theory and practice of translation. Among his published works are critical editions and Spanish translations of Plato's Apology, Servius's Commentary on Virgil, and Virgil's Aeneid. Arbea Gavilán is full member of the Chilean Academy of Language since 1995.

Thomas Arnold (1795-1842), educator, Headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1842, and historian. ODNB

Athanase Auger (1734-1792), classical scholar and translator. Auger produced French translations and editions of a wide range of Greek prose authors, particularly the Attic orators and historians, including Demosthenes, Aeschines, Isocrates, Lysias, Thucydides, Herodotus, and Xenophon. In addition to classical authors, he translated selected works of the Church Fathers, notably Basil of Caesarea and John Chrysostom, as well as Latin prose, including orations of Cicero. Auger served as Professor of Rhetoric at the Collège de France and held other scholarly and teaching appointments in Paris. A member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, he also authored writings on education and civic instruction, influenced by Rousseau, including a treatise on educational reform composed on the eve of the Estates-General, and took a moderate part in the early phase of the French Revolution.

Václav Bahník (1918-2003), classical philologist and translator. After completing his secondary education in Mladá Boleslav, Bahník was arrested in November 1939 by Nazi authorities in connection with student protests, and spent two years in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Following the war, he taught Latin and Italian at the Gymnasium in Liberec, northern Bohemia (1946-1975). He translated texts from ancient Greek, Latin, and Italian: his translations include works by Cicero, Apuleius, Seneca the Younger, Quintilian, Lucian, Plutarch, Boethius, Theophylact Simocatta, as well as later authors such as Marco Polo, Jacobus de Voragine, and Luigi Pirandello.

Manuel Balasch i Recort (1928-2009), classical philologist, translator, and poet. Balasch i Recort studied Classical Philology in Barcelona, and received a Ph.D. in Munich with a thesis on Juvenal. He taught Greek at the secondary and university levels and contributed extensively to the Fundació Bernat Metge, translating works by Homer, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Herodotus, and Plato, among others. His Catalan verse translation of Homer's Iliad (1971) received several awards. He also translated modern authors such as Rilke and contributed to the Catalan Bible. As a poet, he published several volumes and was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi in 1991. CAT

Nicolai Ion Barbu (20th century), classical scholar. Besides Thucydides, Barbu edited and translated other classical and patristic texts, and contributed to volumes on Latin literature and Plutarch.

J.W. Barnard  (20th century), translator active in the mid‑20th century, who translated several classical and historical works for the Meulenhoff Minerva pockets series.

Karl Ludwig Bauer (1739-1785), classical philologist. Bauer studied at the Thomasschule and later at the University of Leipzig under Johann August Ernesti. In 1753, he qualified as a lecturer and taught Latin and Greek authors. In 1756, he became rector of the school in Lauban, and in 1766 he assumed the rectorship of the Lyceum in Hirschberg. He wrote on biblical exegesis and patristics, and lauthored a German-Latin lexicon. DB

Christian Daniel Beck (1757-1832), classical philologist, historian, theologian. Beck became professor of Greek and Latin literature at the University of Leipzig in 1785 and held numerous academic and administrative roles, including twelve terms as rector of the university. He embraced a traditional, wide-ranging approach to philology that integrated historical, theological, and literary studies – a method aligned with the legacy of Ernesti and in contrast with the emerging critical philology of Gottfried Hermann. Beck produced editions and translations of authors such as Euripides, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Cicero, and Pindar. He also translated historical and religious works from French and English, and founded or edited several scholarly journals. DB

August Immanuel Bekker (1785-1871), classical philologist and Professor at the University of Berlin. Bekker produced critical editions of numerous authors, including Aristotle, Plato, the Suda, the Attic orators, Aristophanes and Thucydides. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1861. DB

François de Belleforest (1530-1583), translator, poet, and historiographer. Belleforest first served at the court of Marguerite of Navarre before establishing himself in Paris, where he was appointed historiographer to Charles IX in 1568. Over the course of his career, he authored more than fifty works across genres, notably the seven‑volume Histoires tragiques (1566-1583), a moralizing collection of tragic tales based on Italian originals that enjoyed bestseller status and influenced the reception of narrative forms in Renaissance France. Recognized as the author of the first French pastoral novel, La Pyrénée (1571), and producer of the richly illustrated Cosmographie universelle (1575), he further contributed to historical discourse with polemical works like Grandes Annales de France (1579). An active translator, Belleforest rendered Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek authors – such as Bandello, Boccaccio, Guicciardini, Cicero, Thucydides and Demosthenes – into French. Treccani

Traugott Friedrich Benedict (1756-1833), classical scholar and educator, rector of the Gymnasium in Annaberg. Benedict published several commentaries on classical authors, including Thucydides, Plato, and Livy. DB

Benő Zsoldos (1847-1919), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Zsoldos was educated in classical languages and humanities, completing his studies at Sárospatak, where he later taught Greek and Latin. In addition to his work on Thucydides, Zsoldos contributed to the organization of archival records at Sárospatak and wrote on pedagogy and classical studies.

Jaume Berenguer i Amenós (1915-1974), classical philologist, teacher, and translator. Berenguer i Amenós earned his degree in Philosophy and Letters from the University of Barcelona in 1940. He served as a Greek language teacher at the Instituto Alfonso X el Sabio in Murcia (from 1941) and, from 1943, as director of the Instituto Verdaguer in Barcelona. Between 1962 and 1969, Berenguer i Amenós also taught Greek language and literature at both the University of Barcelona and the Autonomous University of Barcelona. He published a widely used Greek Grammar (Gramática griega, 1942) and, as a translator, produced Spanish and Catalan versions of classical works by, among others, Thucydides, Herodotus, Plato, Xenophon, and Homer.

Stefano Bertolini (1711-1782), jurist and political thinker. Educated in law at the University of Pisa, Bertolini was influenced by natural law theory, Muratori's historical method, and Montesquieu. Bertolini served in various administrative and judicial roles under the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. He played a central role in judicial reform and ecclesiastical policy, advocating for the subordination of church structures to civil authority. He authored several political and legal treatises, including a systematic commentary on Montesquieu, and a collection of Machiavellian fragments reinterpreted through an Enlightenment lens. His proposals for agrarian and administrative modernization – particularly concerning the Maremma region – reflect a broader effort to align Tuscan governance with rationalist and economic principles. Treccani

Élie-Ami Bétant (1803-1871), classicist and teacher. Bétant served as secretary to Ioannes Antonios Kapodistrias, the president of Greece, from 1827 to 1829. He taught Greek at the preparatory gymnasium, and from 1848 to 1871, he taught at the newly established high school in Geneva. He held several political positions in the city of Geneva. He translated Herodotus and Thucydides and published the Lexicon Thucydideum (1843-1847). DHS

Charles Bigg (1840-1908), classical scholar, schoolmaster, and ecclesiastical historian. Educated at Manchester Grammar School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Bigg was ordained in 1864, serving as second classical master at Cheltenham College and later as principal of Brighton College (1871-1881). After resigning from Brighton College, Bigg returned to Oxford as chaplain of Corpus Christi College, where he developed a sustained scholarly interest in early Christianity. Bigg published studies and editions of early Christian texts, including commentaries on The Epistles of St Peter and St Jude (1901), and editions of devotional classics such as Augustine's Confessions. ODBN

Richard Annesley Billing (1814-1882), barrister, legal scholar, and judge. Billing was called to the Irish Bar in 1839 and practiced in Dublin until 1856, when he emigrated to Australia due to ill health. That same year, he was admitted to the Victorian Bar and appointed as a law lecturer at the University of Melbourne. In 1878, he was appointed special counsel for the colony of Victoria. In April 1882, he became a County Court judge, serving on the western circuit of Victoria.

Rudolf Georg Binding (1867-1938), writer. Binding studied medicine and law, but eventually abandoned his studies to dedicate himself to literary activity. Passionate about horses and equestrian disciplines, he served as a cavalry officer during World War I, primarily in Galicia and Flanders. Binding wrote a popular autobiographical book in Germany between the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich, Aus dem Kriege (1925). He never joined the Nazi Party, but in his pamphlet Antwort eines Deutschen an die Welt, he defended Nazi policy against criticisms from international public opinion. DB

Dionysia Bitzilekē (20th century), translator.

Edward Henry Blakeney (1869-1955), classical scholar and poet. Blakeney was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1891 and M.A. in 1895. He served as headmaster from 1895 to 1918; in the same years he was an Assistant Master at Winchester College, and from 1929 to 1931 he lectured in English Literature at the University of Southampton. In addition to publishing several volumes of poetry, he produced editions and translations of classical Latin and Greek authors, including Herodotus and Tacitus, as well as editions of works by John Milton.

Walter Blanco (20th-21st centuries), Emeritus Professor of English at the City University of New York. Blanco has also translated Herodotus.

Samuel Thomas Bloomfield (1783-1869), clergyman and biblical textual critic. Bloomfield studied at Wisbech and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Ordained as a priest of the Church of England in 1808, he served as vicar of Bisbrooke, Rutland, from 1814 to 1869. In recognition of his scholarly work, he was granted a Civil List pension in 1847. Bloomfield published Recensio Synoptica Annotationis Sacrae (1826-1828), a major critical and doctrinal commentary on the New Testament, and doctrinal annotations on the New Testament. He also edited a Greek and English lexicon of the New Testament (1829).

Agustín Blánquez Fraile (1883-1965) classical scholar, translator, and librarian. Blánquez Fraile earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy and Letters and a Law degree from the Central University of Madrid. In 1911, he joined Spain's archivist, librarian, and archaeological corps, eventually directing the Provincial Institute Library in Palencia and leading restoration projects in Girona. From 1943 to 1953, he served as director of the University Library of Barcelona. Concurrently, he taught Latin language and literature at the University's Librarian School until 1962. Blánquez's most influential scholarly achievement is his Diccionario Latino–Español (1946), a comprehensive Latin-Spanish lexicon. A prolific translator, he rendered key classical works into Spanish, including Latin texts by Cicero and Celso, Greek dramas by Sophocles, and Vitruvius' De Architectura. Notably, in 1963 he published a full Spanish translation of Thucydides – this marked the first modern Spanish-language rendition since Diego Gracián de Alderete's 1564 translation.

Louis Bodin (1869-1949), classical philologist, Professor at the University of Dijon. Bodin studied at the École normale supérieure, and authored works on Plato, Thucydides, and the Attic orators.

Hein Hendrik Jan Boeken (1861-1933), classical scholar, writer, and poet. Boeken studied classical languages in Amsterdam and earned his doctorate in 1899 with a dissertation on Apuleius' Metamorphoses. He taught ancient languages, directed the Brinioschool in Hilversum, and was associated with the Tachtigers literary movement. Boeken was fluent in eight languages and also produced translations and adaptations of classical and literary works, including Dante.

Helena Mensina Boissevain (1867-1946), classical scholar and translator.

Hieronymus Boner (ca. 1490-1556), Mayor (Schultheiß) of Colmar between 1527 and 1552, known for his translations of classical texts. Among others, Boner translated Thucydides (1533), Plutarch (1534), and Herodotus (1535) into German. DB

Francesco Pasquale Boni (19th century), canon and translator of Thucydides.

Jeroen A. E. Bons (20th-21st centuries), classicist and Emeritus Professor at the University of Amsterdam, where he specialized in rhetoric and classical literature. His scholarly interests include rhetorical theory, ancient texts, and the interpretation of classical authors. Bons published on early Greek rhetoric, Gorgias, and the role of rhetorical practice in classical literature.

Heinrich Friedrich Bothe (1771-1855), poet, philologist, and translator. Bothe studied philology at the University of Halle and later worked as an indipendent scholar in various cities including Heidelberg, Mannheim, and Leipzig. He focused primarily on classical poets, producing editions of nearly all Greek and Roman dramatists, including multiple editions of Euripides. As a translator, Bothe showed notable versatility. He translated authors such as Pindar, Euripides, and Persius from Greek and Latin, as well as Pope and Percy's ballads from English. He also published a collection of poems in Greek and Latin along with various critical notes. Additionally, he authored historical and satirical works. DB

Jean Boudout (1902-1971), classical scholar and inspector of public instruction (inspecteur général de l’instruction publique). Boudout prepared and edited annotated editions of ancient texts for secondary education. He worked within the French pedagogical tradition of producing pages choisies and class readers in classical Greek and French literature, contributing editorial apparatus (introductions and explanatory notes) to editions used in lycée curricula.

Theodor Braun (1877-1946), historian. Graduated from the Naval Academy, Braun became a sea cadet in 1896 and was promoted to frigate captain in 1920. During World War I, he served on the ship Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand and participated in the 1915 operation against Ancona. From 1919 to 1920, he worked in the War Archives. He has also translated Herodotus. ÖBL

Hermann Bredenkamp (1760-1808), theologian, educator, and classical scholar. Bredenkamp began his studies at the Latin Cathedral School (Domschule) in Bremen in 1768 and later continued at Göttingen from 1780. In 1785 he was appointed subrector of the Latin Cathedral School in Stade, becoming conrector in 1796, rector in 1798, and preacher in 1799. Known also for his poetic work, Bredenkamp edited several Greek texts, particularly Thucydides. DB

Gabriel Gottfried Bredow (1733-1814), historian, philologist, and educator. Bredow studied at the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium and later at the University of Halle, initially preparing for theology but shifting to philology under the influence of Friedrich August Wolf. He taught in Berlin and Eutin, succeeding Johann Heinrich Voß as rector, and later became Professor at the University of Helmstedt. In 1807, he traveled to Paris for research on Greek geographers. Later, he taught in Frankfurt an der Oder and oversaw education in Breslau, where he published translations of Plutarch and a study on Charlemagne. DB

Antoni Bronikowski (1817-1884), philologist, translator, and secondary school teacher. Bronikowski graduated at the University of Wrocław. He taught at the Gymnasium of St Mary Magdalene in Poznań and at the Royal Catholic Gymnasium in Ostrów. Besides Thucydides, he translated Plato's dialogues. His translations, though sometimes criticized for their literalism and archaic style, played a key role in introducing classical Greek thought to Polish intellectual circles.

Peter Astbury Brunt (1917-2005), ancient historian. Educated at Ipswich School, Brunt studied classics at Oriel College, Oxford, where he took first-class honours in classical moderations and literae humaniores. After wartime service at the Ministry of Shipping, he held a fellowship at Magdalen College and conducted research at the British School at Rome. He later returned to Oriel College as fellow and tutor in ancient history, and in 1970 was appointed Camden Professor of Ancient History at Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1969. Brunt's work focused on the social and demographic history of the Roman world. ODNB

M. de Brussy (19th century), classical scholar.

Rachel Bruzzone (20th century-), classical philologist and historian, Assistant Professor in the Cultures, Civilizations, and Ideas Department at Bilkent University. Bruzzone is specialized in Greek historiography.

T. Budé (19th century), classical scholar. Budé authored several scholarly prefaces (notices littéraires) in Delalain's Édition classique series – a widely used collection of annotated Greek and Latin texts for students and educators. His contributions include editions of authors such as Homer, Herodotus, Plato, Demosthenes, Plutarch, and Thucydides.

Gottfried Böhme (ca. 1817-1881), classical philologist, teacher, Prorector at the Gymnasium in Dortmund. DB

Filippo Caccialanza (19th-20th centuries) classical scholar and teacher. Caccialanza taught in secondary education and published widely on Greek tragedy, Hellenistic poetry, and Roman literature. His works include studies on the Alcestis of Euripides, the mythological content of Greek tragedy, and the early forms of Attic drama. He also produced commentaries and translations of classical texts for students, including Thucydides (1908), and analyses of Virgil and Horace (1905).

Mariella Cagnetta (1950-), Professor of History of Classical Philology at the University of Bari. Cagnetta has studied Greek tragedy and classical scholarship in Italy during the Fascist period.

Howard Don Cameron (1934-2021), classical scholar and Professor at the University of Michigan. Cameron completed his Ph.D. in Classics at Princeton University in 1962 with a dissertation on Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes. He spent the majority of his academic career at the University of Michigan; he retired in 2010. His scholarship focused on ancient Greek language, grammar, and literature. Outside academia, Cameron was active in theatrical productions and served as associate curator at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. He also contributed an etymological dictionary of spider names in North America.

Christian Friedrich Campe (1808-1881), classical scholar, secondary school teacher, headmaster of the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Greifenberg, Pomerania. Campe has also translated Polybius. DB

Luciano Canfora (1942-), classical philologist and historian, Emeritus Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Bari. Canfora studied Classical Philology at the University of Bari, where he later became professor of Greek and Latin Philology. His research spans textual criticism, historiography, ancient political institutions, and the transmission of classical texts. Canfora has published widely on authors such as Thucydides, Plato, and Cicero, and is the author of influential works on the history of democracy and the classical tradition. Alongside his academic output, he has maintained an active presence in Italian public discourse, contributing to debates on education, politics, and historical memory. He has served as editor of Quaderni di Storia. Moreover, he is a member of the Institute for the Classical Tradition in Boston, the Fondazione Istituto Gramsci in Rome, and the scientific committee of the Treccani Encyclopedia Institute. Treccani

Raffaele Cantarella (1898-1977), classical philologist, Byzantinist, director of the Officina dei Papiri Ercolanesi at the National Library in Naples from 1929 to 1938, Professor of Greek Literature and Byzantine Philology at the University of Milan. His scholarly work encompassed studies on Homeric epics, Greek tragedy (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides), comedy (Aristophanes, Menander), and Byzantine literature. Treccani

Willem Canter (1542-1575), humanist. Educated in Latin and Greek by Georg Macropedius in Utrecht, Canter later studied at the University of Leuven and undertook scholarly travels through France, Italy, and Germany, where he befriended leading intellectuals of his time. He spent his later years in Leuven, leading a secluded scholarly life until his early death from tuberculosis. Renowned for his critical acumen, Canter produced important conjectural work on Greek and Latin texts. His major contributions include the Novarum lectionum libri IV (Basel 1564), to which he later added four more books; a Latin translation of the Orations of Aelius Aristides (Basel 1566); and an edition of Euripides with notes (Antwerp 1571). DB

Jean Capelle (20th century-?), historian, Honorary Professor at the Lycée Saint-Louis.

V. S. Svāmin̲āta Carmā (20th-21st centuries), translator.

Bob Carruthers (1960-), military historian and publisher. Carruthers wrote and edited numerous books on the First and Second World Wars, often focusing on primary sources, eyewitness accounts, and illustrated documentary material.

Max Georg Friedrich Carstenn (1888-1970), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Carstenn studied classical philology and spent much of his professional life teaching at secondary schools, including posts in Thorn (West Prussia) and later at the Staatliches Gymnasium in Göttingen, where he taught Greek and German. He published several school editions and educational works on classical authors.

Sebastien Castellio, born Châteillon, (1515-1563), humanist, theologian, translator. Educated in Lyon and at the Collège de la Trinité, Castellio became fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. In 1540, he moved to Strasbourg and then to Geneva, where he worked briefly under John Calvin and was appointed rector of the Genevan collège. Doctrinal disagreements with Calvin – particularly regarding predestination and biblical interpretation – led to his resignation in 1544. He later settled in Basel, where he lectured at the university and lived in modest circumstances. His most famous polemical work, De haereticis, an sint persequendi (1554), challenged the execution of Michael Servetus and opposed religious persecution of any kind. Castellio also produced important biblical translations, including a Latin version of the Bible. Treccani

Ferdinand Castets (1838-1921), medievalist. Castets was professor and later dean at the Faculté des Lettres de Montpellier, where he published editions of medieval texts, including Maugis d’Aigremont and the Montpellier manuscript of Il Fiore, which he tentatively attributed to Dante. His research focused on medieval poetry and literature, though his early work was on classical authors, including a doctoral thesis on the orator Aeschines. Castets also served in local politics as mayor of Montpellier under the Third Republic.

Émile Chambry (1864-1951), classical scholar. Chambry specialized in the preparation of annotated editions of Greek and Latin texts for secondary education and broader pedagogical use. He worked on selected texts from several classical authors, including Thucydidies, Platonic dialogues and Greek orators.

Abraham Charean (1819-1892), scholar and translator affiliated with the Mekhitarist Congregation on San Lazzaro Island (Venice). Born in Constantinople, Charean joined the Mekhitarists in 1840 and pursued a career as a translator and cultural mediator between classical/European texts and the Armenian readership. He translated several authors, including Thucydides, Plato, Sallust, and Caesar. His work forms part of the nineteenth-century Mekhitarist effort to render canonical Western and classical texts into Armenian and to develop modern Armenian scholarly publishing.

Ch’ŏn Pyŏng-hŭi (1939-2022), classical scholar and translator, widely regarded as Korea's foremost translator of Greek and Latin classics. Ch’ŏn studied German literature at Seoul National University and Heidelberg University. He devoted his career to translating Greek originals directly into Korean, including Homer, Plato, Sophocles, and Thucydides.

Johann Classen (1805-1891), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Classen studied at the Johanneum in Hamburg and later at the universities of Leipzig (under Gottfried Hermann) and Bonn, where he worked closely with Barthold Georg Niebuhr. He qualified as a lecturer in Bonn (1829) and Kiel (1831), later teaching in Berlin and becoming a professor at the Katharineum in Lübeck (1833). There, he developed close ties with scholars such as Jacob, Wattenbach, Ernst and Georg Curtius, and the poet Geibel, and began his studies in Greek linguistics. In 1853, he became director of the Gymnasium in Frankfurt am Main, which he reformed in opposition to rigid examination systems. From 1864 to 1874, he led the Johanneum in Hamburg. After retiring, he dedicated himself to his most significant work: a commentary on Thucydides. DB

Francis Clifton (?-1736), physician. Clifton studied medicine at Leiden University, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1727, received an honorary MD from Cambridge in 1728, and became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1729. He also served as physician to the Prince of Wales before resigning in 1734 and relocating to Jamaica. He died in Jamaica in 1736, leaving an unfinished account of the diseases of the island. ODNB

Charles Collier (ca. 1785-1870), army surgeon and naturalist. Collier entered military service in 1805 and served in Bermuda, Martinique, the Peninsular War, and later in Ceylon, where he contributed to medical care and scientific study, especially in conchology. He later held senior medical posts in Mauritius and Bombay. Elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1830, he retired in 1838 and continued scholarly and scientific work in London. A gifted linguist and philologist, he was proficient in Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, and German. RCS

William Lucas Collins (1817-1887), clergyman and classical scholar. Collins was educated at Rugby School under Thomas Arnold and at Jesus College, Oxford, where he earned second-class honours in classics. Ordained in 1840, he served in various parishes including Cheriton (Glamorgan), Great Houghton, Kilsby, Lowick, and Slipton, and held an honorary canonry at Peterborough Cathedral from 1870. Collins had a parallel literary career, contributing regularly to Blackwood’s Magazine on topics ranging from university life to public school traditions. He was also the editor of the Ancient Classics for English Readers series, contributing volumes on Homer's Iliad (1870) and Thucydides (1878). ODBN

Valentín Conejero Ciriza (20th century), classical philologist, Professor of Greek Philology at the University of Barcelona. He translated Thucydides and Demosthenes.

Walter Robert Connor (1934-), Professor of Classics at Princeton University, later serving as president of the National Humanities Center. His scholarship focused on ancient Greek history, politics, and literature. Connor also published on Greek epigraphy and the role of rhetoric and performance in classical Athens.

Carmine Coppola (1915-1986), secondary school teacher of Latin and Greek literature at the Liceo Tasso in Salerno. From 1965 to 1973, Coppola was principal at various high schools in the province, and later Professor of Greek palaeography in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Salerno.

Aldo Corcella (1961-), Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Basilicata. Corcella has focused particularly on historiography and the history of political and philosophical thought in ancient Greece, as well as Late Antique rhetoric.

Lodovico Corio (1847-1911), secondary school teacher, literary critic. Treccani

Vittorio Corsini (19th-20th centuries), secondary school teacher in Rome and in the Marche region; later professor of Greek and Latin at the Regio Ginnasio Umberto I in Turin.

Achille Cosattini (?-1937), classical philologist, Adjunct Professor of Greek Literature at the University of Pavia (1925-1926), and principal of the Liceo Berchet in Milan from 1923 to 1933.

Edward Gustin Coy (1844-1904), classical scholar and secondary school teacher. Coy graduated from Yale University; in 1873 he was appointed instructor in Greek and Latin at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he taught until 1892. He spent part of 1883 studying abroad in Berlin, Munich, Rome, and Greece, pursuing archaeological and classical studies. In 1892, he became headmaster of The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut. Coy authored and edited classical instructional works, including 'Greek readers' and selections designed to introduce students to Greek prose.

Richard Crawley (1840-1893), translator and writer. Crawley was educated at Marlborough College and later at University College, Oxford, where he graduated with first-class honours in classics. Elected a fellow of Worcester College, he published satirical and poetic works, but poor health limited his academic career. In 1879, he gave up writing and spent his later years in Switzerland and London. From 1875, he directed a life insurance company. ODBN

James Harold Edward Crees (1882-1941), classical scholar and secondary school teacher. Crees studied at Cambridge, where he specialized in Greek history and historiography. He held teaching posts in Britain.

Alfred Croiset (1845-1923), classical philologist. Croiset studied at the École normale supérieure (1864-1867) and earned his doctorate at the Sorbonne with a thesis on Xenophon (1873). He taught in several French lycées before joining the Sorbonne as maître de conférences in 1877 and becoming Professor in 1885. From 1898 to 1919, Croiset served as Dean of the Faculté des lettres. A member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres from 1886, he was also made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor. His research focused on Greek literature, especially Plato, Pindar, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Aristophanes. Together with his brother Maurice, he co-authored the widely circulated Histoire de la littérature grecque. His educational reforms and views on democratic culture provoked debate in French intellectual circles. DBCS

Anastazy Cywiński (1824-1871), poet, translator and secondary school teacher. Educated in Poznań and Berlin, Cywiński contributed to various literary and scholarly journals of his time. From 1855 until his death, he worked at the Royal Catholic Gymnasium in Ostrów. During the January Uprising (1863-1864) against the Russian Empire, Cywiński hosted in his apartment the meetings of the secret Polish Committee, composed of senior students from the Ostrów Gymnasium.

Henry Dale (1812-1894), clergyman, schoolmaster, and translator. Trinity College

Hristo Danov (1908-1997) historian, son of the publisher Hristo Gruev Danov. The elder Danov's firm played a central role in disseminating educational and literary materials in Bulgarian during the late Ottoman period, issuing schoolbooks, classical translations, periodicals, and calendars that contributed to the formation of a modern Bulgarian public sphere.

Giovanna Daverio Rocchi (20th century-?), Professor of Greek History at the University of Milan. Her research focuses on the social and political structures of the Greek poleis, especially issues of territorial organization and identity. Daverio Rocchi has edited works on Thucydides and Xenophon, and authored university and high school textbooks.

Jean Davy (1983-), illustrator with broad interests in the humanities, art, history, law, and political science. Davy studied law and political science at the University of Reims and has published writings and illustrations spanning humanistic and scientific topics.

Albert Delachaux (19th-20th centuries), classical philologist, specialized in Greek historiography.

Édouard Delebecque (1910-1990), Professor of Greek at the Université d'Aix-en-Provence. His research focused primarily on Homer, Euripides, Thucydides, and Xenophon. In addition to his commentary on Book 8 of Thucydides' History, he authored a monograph on the relationship between Thucydides and Alcibiades (Thucydide et Alcibiade, 1965).

Giovanni Della Casa (1503-1556), humanist, ecclesiastic, diplomat, and writer. Della Casa studied in Bologna, Florence, and Padua, where he received a humanist education steeped in classical rhetoric and moral philosophy. He entered the ecclesiastical career under the patronage of the Farnese family and was appointed Archbishop of Benevento in 1544. That same year, Pope Paul III sent him as nuncio to Venice, where he played a central role in introducing the Roman Inquisition. His tenure in Venice was also marked by intense literary activity and patronage of the arts. After the election of Pope Julius III, Della Casa fell into disfavor and withdrew to Nervesa, near Treviso, where he composed much of his most influential work. His Galateo ovvero de’ costumi, published posthumously in 1558, is a concise guide to courteous behavior in conversation, dress, and manners, reflecting both Renaissance civility and deep classical learning. In addition to Galateo, Della Casa wrote Latin and vernacular poetry (Rime), moral treatises, orations, and epistolary prose. His literary style, noted for its balance between clarity and elegance, helped shape the late Cinquecento canon. Treccani

Halil Demircioğlu (1905-1972), historian. Demircioğlu studied ancient history in Berlin from 1932 to 1939 under Wilhelm Weber. On the order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Demircioğlu pursued studies that later informed his academic and public work. He served as a Professor of Ancient History at Ankara University and published extensively on ancient and modern democracy, tyranny, political factions, and the role of individuals in Greek history. Demircioğlu was also active as a bureaucrat and contributor to contemporary political debates, writing for both academic journals and the daily press.

Jan Nepomuk František Desolda (1811-1885), priest, Premonstratensian monk, and translator. Desolda translated in Czech some dialogues of Plato, and works of various ecclesiastical authors, like John Chrysostom and Thomas von Kempen.

Murray Graeme Dickson (1911-1997), educator, translator, and adviser in international education. Dickson served in the British Prison Service (Borstals) from 1935 to 1940 and later joined the British Army during the Second World War. In 1947 Dickson entered the Colonial Service and held a series of educational leadership posts in Sarawak. After retiring from colonial service, he served as a UNESCO adviser on educational planning to the Government of Lesotho (1967-1968). Dickson was also a writer and translator: in addition to translations of medieval and classical texts, he authored works on Kant and on the peoples and culture of Sarawak.

Heinrich Rudolf Dietsch (1814-1875), classical philologist and educator. After studying philology at Leipzig and Halle, Dietsch held teaching positions at Hildburghausen and Grimma, later serving as rector in Plauen. In 1839 he married Bianca Teubner, a daughter of Benedictus Teubner, the founder of the Teubner publishing house. He contributed to the journal Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik (1848-1862) and authored editions and commentaries of classical authors including Cicero, Cornelius Nepos, Sallust, Herodotus, Eutropius, and Thucydides. He also produced pedagogical writings and history textbooks, and was commissioned in 1864 by Imperial Russia to review its educational system – earning him the Russian Order of St. Anna, 3rd Class. His career ended prematurely due to mental illness, and he died in a Leipzig asylum in 1875. DB

Ludwig August Dindorf (1805-1871), classical philologist. Educated at the Thomasschule and after at the University of Leipzig, where he studied under Gottfried Hermann. Dindorf never held a teaching position, preferring a private scholarly life. He published critical editions of many classical authors, including Thucydides, Xenophon, Euripides, Hesiod, Diodorus Siculus, Dio Cassius, Polybius, Pausanias, and Byzantine historians such as Zonaras, Malalas, and the Chronicon Paschale. His editions were often released through the Teubner and Didot collections and became standard scholarly texts. Alongside his brother Wilhelm, he worked for 25 years on the revised edition of Henri Estienne's Thesaurus linguae Graecae. DB

Georg Lejeune Dirichlet (1858-1920), classical scholar and translator. DB

John William Donaldson (1811-1861), philologist and biblical critic. Educated at University College London and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he later became a fellow, Donaldson was appointed headmaster of King Edward's School in Bury St Edmunds in 1841. After resigning in 1855, he returned to Cambridge, dedicating himself to literary work and private teaching. Donaldson was an early advocate of comparative philology in England. His most influential work, The New Cratylus (1839), applied comparative linguistic principles to Greek, largely building on but also advancing beyond Bopp's grammar. In Varronianus (1844), he extended this method to Latin, Umbrian, and Oscan. His controversial Jashar (1854), written in Latin, attempted a reconstruction of the biblical Book of Jashar and drew criticism for its approach to biblical inspiration. Other notable works include editions of Pindar and Sophocles, and grammars of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. ODNB

Guido Donini (20th century-), classical philologist and translator, taught Classics at the University of Chicago and served for many years as secretary of the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Donini published studies on Greek historiography.

Neophytos Doukas (1760-1845), priest, scholar, educator, and translator. Doukas was one of the key figures of the Modern Greek Enlightenment (Diafotismos) during the period of Ottoman rule. He studied in Ioannina, Metsovo, and later in Bucharest. Doukas lived in Vienna from 1803 to 1815, where he was active in the Greek community, and later served as director of the Eponym School in Bucharest. He promoted a classical form of Greek, opposing both Katharevousa and Demotic Greek, and held conservative linguistic views that brought him into conflict with contemporaries such as Adamántios Koraïs. A prolific author and editor, Doukas published more than 70 works, including editions of ancient Greek authors such as Homer, Thucydides, Aristophanes, Euripides, Sophocles, and Pindar. He was a member of the Filiki Eteria and supported the Greek War of Independence. After independence, he returned to Greece, donating thousands of books to educational institutions and serving as director of the orphanage of Aegina and later (briefly) of the Rizarios Seminary in Athens. iZagori

Kenneth James Dover (1920-2010), classical scholar, Professor of Greek at the University of St Andrews from 1955 to 1976. Dover served in the Royal Artillery during World War II. His scholarly work encompassed various aspects of Greek studies, including prose stylistics, Aristophanic comedy, and sexual ethics. Beyond his academic pursuits, he held several prominent positions: he served as President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1976-1986), President of the British Academy (1978-1981), and Chancellor of the University of St Andrews (1981-2005). He was knighted in 1977 for his services to classical scholarship. BritAc

Karl Andreas Duker (1670-1752), classical philologist and jurist. Duker studied law and classical philology in Harderwijk and Franeker, earning a doctorate in Law. He taught History and Rhetoric in Herborn, The Hague, and later became Professor in Utrecht. His legal scholarship includes studies on Roman legal Latin and an edition of Justinian's Institutiones. As a philologist, he published critical editions and commentaries on authors such as Thucydides, Livy, Florus, and Aristophanes. DB

Harry Edinger (20th century), classical scholar and translator. Edinger produced English translations and scholarly work on Greek texts, including Thucydides and Cicero's De Officiis. His research and editorial work also extend to Greek tragedy.

Peter Elmsley (1774-1825), classical scholar. Elmsley was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. After inheriting a substantial fortune from his uncle – the bookseller Peter Elmsley – he withdrew from clerical duties to pursue classical studies. Elmsley focused primarily on Greek theater, publishing critical editions of Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. He played a significant role in early 19th-century classical philology, particularly through his methodical work with manuscripts in Italian libraries and his careful collations, many of which are preserved in the Bodleian Library. He was involved in the failed project to unroll the Herculaneum papyri alongside Humphry Davy and was later appointed Camden Professor of Ancient History and Principal of St Alban Hall at Oxford. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1814. ODBN

Georg Achatz von Enenkel (1573-1620), scholar, jurist, and nobleman from the Protestant Enenkel family of Albrechtsberg an der Pielach in Lower Austria. Enenkel studied classical languages and philosophy in Strasbourg and law at the University of Tübingen. He is best known for his Latin translation of Thucydides, and he also authored several legal works. As a committed Protestant, he was among the signatories of the Horner Bund (1608), a political alliance formed by Austrian Protestant estates to defend their religious and political rights amid growing tensions with Habsburg Catholic rule. Enenkel was also married to Anna Freiin von Althann, daughter of the imperial court chamber president Christoph von Althann and Elisabeth von Teufel. DB

Luis Enríquez (1919-2002), classical scholar and Jesuit. In addition to his work on Thucydides, he also wrote on the Iliad.

Francisco de Enzinas (1520-1552), humanist, translator, and Protestant reformer. Born into a wealthy Castilian family with commercial ties in Flanders, Enzinas studied in the Low Countries and at the University of Leuven, where he embraced Lutheran and Melanchthonian ideas. In 1542, during a stay in Wittenberg under Philipp Melanchthon's patronage, he translated the New Testament into Spanish – the first modern complete translation – published privately in Antwerp in 1543. He translated other Greek-Latin texts in Strasbourg (including Plutarch, Livy, and Lucian). A religious exile, Enzinas lived in Wittenberg, Strasbourg, and Cambridge, where he held a professorship in Greek, and interacted with leading Reformers – Lasky, Bucer, Calvin (whom he visited), and Melanchthon. He was briefly imprisoned by the Inquisition in Brussels and narrowly escaped execution. He died of the plague in Strasbourg. Historia Hispánica

Alfred Ernst (19th-20th centuries), translator.

Henri Estienne (1531-1598), classical scholar, printer, and a prominent figure of the Estienne family of publishers. Son of Robert Estienne, he inherited and advanced the family press, producing scholarly editions of Greek and Latin authors. He is best known for his Thesaurus Graecae Linguae (1572), a monumental Greek lexicon that remained authoritative for centuries, and for publishing the Editio Regia of the Greek New Testament. DHS

Joseph Eyerel (1745-1821), physician, translator, and early medical historian. Eyerel established his medical practice in Vienna, where he became associated with the school of Maximilian Stoll. He translated medical and scientific works from Latin, French, and Italian into German, enriching them with commentary and editorial additions. His publications include translations of clinical treatises, and historical accounts of disease. In 1809 he was appointed extraordinary Professor Medical Literature and History in Vienna. DB

Ugo Fantasia (1948-), Professor of Greek History at the University of Parma, specialized in Classical Greek history and historiography, as well as in the social and economic history of the Greek world.

Andrea Favuzzi (20th-21st centuries), classical philologist, Professor of Roman Antiquities at the University of Bari.

Janez Fašalek (1914-1981), classical philologist and translator, educated at the University of Ljubljana. Besides Thucydides, Fašalek translated Xenophon's Anabasis and Cyropaedia (1963), Polybius (1964), and Caesar's Gallic Wars (1970).

Richard Feetham (1874-1965), jurist and colonial administrator. Educated at Marlborough College and New College, Oxford, where he studied classics, Feetham then moved to South Africa in 1902 as part of Alfred Milner's reform administration after the South African War. He held various legal and political posts, including town clerk of Johannesburg, member of the Transvaal legislative council, and judge in the Transvaal and Natal divisions. Feetham contributed to the unification of South Africa and chaired major commissions in Northern Ireland (1924-1925), Kenya (1926), and Shanghai (1930-1933), gaining a reputation for judicial integrity and administrative expertise. He was chancellor of the University of the Witwatersrand (1938-1961), where he opposed apartheid in higher education. The nephew of classical scholar Richard Crawley, Feetham revised Crawley's English translation of Thucydides in 1903. ODBN

Josef Feix (1908-?), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Feix earned his doctorate in 1933 at the University of Breslau under Wilhelm Kroll, with a dissertation on word order and sentence structure in Petronius. After World War II, he settled in western Germany and taught at gymnasiums in Rheydt and Mönchengladbach. Feix is best known for his widely circulated German translation of Herodotus (published in the Tusculum series). He also translated works by Thucydides, Livy, Plato, and Seneca. DB

Cornelius Conway Felton (1807-1862), classical scholar. Felton graduated from Harvard in 1827 with high distinction. He served as College Professor of Greek from 1832 to 1834 and subsequently as Eliot Professor of Greek Literature from 1834 until 1860. In 1860 he was appointed president of Harvard College, a position he held until his death. Felton published editions of Homer's Iliad, Aristophanes' Clouds and Birds, Isocrates' Panegyricus, and Aeschylus' Agamemnon, as well as a Greek Reader with prose and verse selections and a volume of selections from modern Greek authors. He translated essays and monographs from German and French and wrote extensively for encyclopedias, reviews, and newspapers. Harvard Square Library

Orlando Marcellus Fernald (1840-1902), classical scholar and secondary school teacher. Fernalde taught Greek and Latin in the United States and was primarily engaged in classical instruction at the secondary and collegiate level. He is chiefly remembered for his work as an editor of Greek texts for scholastical use.

Franco Ferrari (1946-2023), professor of Greek Literature at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa (1981-2000) and the University of L'Aquila (2001-2012). His work focused on Greek poetry and ancient philosophy, and he translated numerous authors, including Homer, Theognis, Sophocles, Thucydides, Plato, and Xenophon.

Paul Charles Feuilleret (1828-late 19th century), classical scholar and secondary school teacher. Feuilleret held a series of posts across France before becoming professor at the Lycée de Bordeaux, where he taught Latin and Greek. Persée

Moses I. Finley (1912-1986), classical scholar, historian, and sociologist. Finley began his academic career at Syracuse University and earned a master's degree in public law from Columbia University. He was briefly associated with the Institute for Social Research (Frankfurt School), collaborating with figures such as Max Horkheimer. From 1948 to 1952, he taught at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, while pursuing a Ph.D. in history at Columbia. In the McCarthy era, Finley came under scrutiny for alleged communist affiliations. In 1952, after invoking the Fifth Amendment during questioning about his political associations, he was dismissed from his post at Rutgers. He subsequently moved to the United Kingdom and joined the University of Cambridge, where he served as Professor of Ancient History from 1970 to 1979 and as Master of Darwin College from 1976 to 1982. He was knighted in 1979, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). ODBN

Moses Israel Finley (1912-1986), classical scholar, historian, and sociologist. Finley began his academic career at Syracuse University and earned a Master's degree in Public Law from Columbia University. He was briefly associated with the Institute for Social Research (Frankfurt School), collaborating with figures such as Max Horkheimer. From 1948 to 1952, he taught at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, while pursuing a Ph.D. in History at Columbia. In the McCarthy era, Finley came under scrutiny for alleged communist affiliations. In 1952, after invoking the Fifth Amendment during questioning about his political associations, he was dismissed from his post at Rutgers. He subsequently moved to the United Kingdom and joined the University of Cambridge, where he served as Professor of Ancient History from 1970 to 1979 and as Master of Darwin College from 1976 to 1982. He was knighted in 1979, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). ODBN

Ambroise Firmin-Didot (1790-1876), printer, publisher, Hellenist, and art collector. A student and friend of the scholar Adamántios Koraïs, Firmin-Didot helped the Greeks in their struggle against the Ottomans, contributing to the development of printing in revolutionary Greece. He collaborated with Benedictus Hase on a new edition of Henri Estienne's Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. ELLET

William Henry Forbes (ca. 1850-1914), classical scholar. Forbes was elected Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1873, receiving his B.A. in the same year and M.A. in 1876. At Balliol, he served as lecturer and classical tutor. His academic work included studies on Thucydides.

Harold North Fowler (1859-1955), classical philologist and translator. At the age of fifteen, Fowler was sent to Dresden, Germany, to prepare for admission to Harvard College, where he graduated in 1880. At Harvard, he studied under Charles Eliot Norton, founder of the Archaeological Institute of America, and William W. Goodwin, the first director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA). Following his studies in Athens, he spent three years in Berlin and Bonn, receiving his Ph.D. from Bonn in 1885. In 1893, he began a long career at Western Reserve University, where he remained until his retirement in 1929. Fowler was editor-in-chief of the ASCSA publications for many years and editor of the American Journal of Archaeology. He is known for his studies of the diolcos at Corinth and for translations of Plato and Plutarch for the Loeb Classical Library. Link: [ASCSA(]https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/archives/harold-n-fowler-papers)

Herbert Francis Fox (1858-1926), cricketer. Fox was educated at Clifton College and University College, Oxford. He appeared in ten first-class matches for Somerset County Cricket Club between 1882 and 1891. Fox also engaged with Greek and Latin verse, editing a volume of renderings originally published in the Westminster Gazette, and publishing a commentary on Thucydides, Book 3.

Alfred French (1916-1997), Research Fellow and translator, specialized in translation of Czech poetry. French began his academic career as a lecturer at Charles University in Prague, then served in the British Army during World War II. In 1947 he moved to Australia to teach classics at Newington College, Sydney (1947-1950), before joining the University of Adelaide, where he was Senior Lecturer and later Reader in Classics from 1950 to 1981. French held a visiting fellowship at Wolfson College, Cambridge (1968-1969), before returning to the University of Adelaide as Visiting Research Fellow (1982-1990). An active translator, he published A Book of Czech Verse (1958).

Hendrik Frieseman (1755-1821), classical philologist and educator. Frieseman served as head of an educational institution in Harderwijk, later as rector in Elburg, and subsequently as rector of the Latin School in Harderwijk. Humboldt Digital

Holger Friis Johansen (1927-1996), classical philologist and academic. Friis Johansen served as Professor of Classical Philology at Aarhus University from 1961 until his death and was prorector of the university in 1973-1974. His research focused on Greek literature, Attic drama, and philology, and he contributed to editorial projects such as the Lexicon Mediae Latinitatis and the journal Classica et Mediaevalia. As a translator, Friis Johansen rendered a number of ancient Greek texts into Danish, including selections from Pindar, Aeschylus, and Thucydides, often accompanied by introductions and notes for educational purposes. He was a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. AU Universitetshistorie

Claus Friisberg (1944-), historian and classical scholar, active primarily in the fields of modern political history and the reception of classical antiquity. Friisberg was editor and author for Vestjysk Kulturforlag, producing works on Danish democracy and political thought. His research interests include the history of democracy, political institutions, and the modern reception of Greek historical and philosophical texts.
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Eduard Davídovich Frolov (1933-2018), historian. Frolov graduated from St Petersburg State University (then Leningrad State University) in 1955 and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1972. He became a professor in 1974 and from 1971 until 2015 he led the Department of History of Ancient Greece and Rome at Saint Petersburg State University. His scholarly output exceeded 300 works, including 15 monographs, spanning Greek political institutions, historiography, and ancient historical method. He was recognized as an Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (1998) and Honored Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation (2004).

Percival Frost (1817-1898), mathematician. Frost became a fellow of St John's College and was later associated with Jesus College and King's College, Cambridge, as a mathematics lecturer. He edited Newton's Principia (1854) and co-authored A Treatise on Solid Geometry (1863), both widely used as textbooks. His research covered algebra, geometry, electricity, magnetism, and solar system theory. Elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1883, he also held a fellowship at King's College from that year. ODBN

Kenzo Fujinawa (1929-2000), classical scholar and Professor Emeritus at Kyoto University. Fujinawa specialised in ancient Greek history and conducted research on the intellectual, social, and cultural history of Greece from Homer to Euripides. He also played a leading role in the establishment and publication of the Seiyō Koten Sōsho (Western Classics Series) issued by Kyoto University Press.

Jean-Baptiste Gail (1755-1829), classical scholar and translator, appointed deputy in 1791. From 1792, Gail served as Professor at the Collège de France. In 1815, King Louis XVIII appointed him Curator of Latin and Greek manuscripts in the Manuscripts Department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. He was also a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and the Institut de France. In addition to his works on classical literature, he wrote several elementary educational texts. Persée

Juan David García Bacca (1901-1992), Spanish philosopher and philologist. Originally trained in theology and philosophy within the Claretian order, García Bacca later pursued studies in mathematics, physics, and biology in various European universities, including Munich, Zurich, and Paris. He completed his doctorate in Barcelona in 1935 with a thesis on the logical structure of the physical sciences. Forced into exile during the Spanish Civil War, García Bacca continued his academic career in Latin America, teaching in Ecuador, Mexico, and eventually Venezuela (Central University of Venezuela), where he became a naturalized citizen in 1952. His work spans logic, metaphysics, philosophy of science, and literary-philosophical writing. He is also known for his Spanish translations of classical authors, including the complete works of Plato, as well as texts by the Presocratics, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Heidegger.

Manuel García Tejero (1943-), physician, pathologist, and poet. García Tejero formerly taught Legal Medicine, Histology, and Pathological Anatomy. A full member of ASEMEYA (Asociación Española de Médicos Escritores y Artistas), he has contributed to the cultural dialogue between medicine and the humanities.

Martin Clarentius Gertz (1844-1929), classical philologist, Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Copenhagen, where he taught from 1880 until his retirement in 1918. His scholarly work encompassed text criticism, editorial scholarship, translation, and pedagogy in Greek and Latin literature. Gertz produced critical editions and translations of authors such as Seneca, Plato, Euripides, Plautus, Arrian, and Thucydides, and contributed to the publication of Danish medieval Latin sources. DBL

Georg Gottfried Gervinus (1805-1871), historian. Initially drawn to poetry, Gervinus later studied philology and history in Gießen and Heidelberg, and began his academic career as a lecturer before being appointed Professor of History and Literature at Göttingen. He gained prominence through his multi-volume history of German literature and his philosophical-historical Grundzüge der Historik. A liberal politician, he actively opposed conservative administrations, notably protesting in Göttingen in 1837, which led to his dismissal. Later reinstated, he taught in Heidelberg and continued to engage in political and historical debate until his death in 1871. DB

Bernardo Giunti (1478-1551), printer, humanist. A member of the Giunti family of printers, he was the nephew of Lucantonio Giunti, who founded the Venetian branch of the family's publishing enterprise. After his father's death, Bernardo inherited the Florentine workshop and expanded its output. During his tenure, the press became renowned for its high-quality editions of Latin and Greek classics, as well as contemporary Italian works, including the first Italian editions of Poliziano, Erasmus, Thomas More's Utopia, and Castiglione's Il Cortegiano. In 1516, the Giunti press secured papal privileges that granted it significant autonomy in Greek and Latin typography – an important counterpoint to Aldine dominance. A learned man in both Latin and Greek, Giunti personally oversaw the selection and correction of texts, working closely with distinguished humanist editors such as Marcello Virgilio Adriani and Piero Vettori. Treccani

Francis Richard Borroum Godolphin (1879-1960), classical scholar and schoolmaster. DBCS

Arnold Wycombe Gomme (1886-1959), classical philologist, historian. Gomme studied at Merchant Taylors' School and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1911 he was appointed assistant lecturer in Greek at the University of Glasgow, where he remained for the rest of his academic career, becoming Professor of Greek from 1946 to 1957. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1947. Between 1914 and 1916, he served with the British Army in France and Greece, including as head of MI-1c political and economic intelligence in Thessaloniki. After being discharged for health reasons, he worked for the Admiralty from 1917 to 1918. His best-known work is his commentary on Thucydides, which was never completed and was finished by Andrewes and Dover. Gomme also published studies on the population of Athens, Greek historiography, and Attic society. BritAc

David González Maeso (1902-1990), hebraist, classical philologist, and translator. González Maeso earned his doctorate in Philosophy and Letters from the University of Madrid in 1929 and, after holding the Chair of Latin at the Instituto de Aranda de Duero, was appointed Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature at the University of Granada in 1941, a position he held for thirty years. González Maeso spoke eight languages and not only specialized in Hebrew studies but also engaged deeply with Greco-Latin classics.

Harry Chester Goodhart (1858-1895), classical scholar and footballer. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, Goodhart became a Fellow of Trinity and was Professor of Humanity (Latin) at the University of Edinburgh from 1890 until his death in 1895. His academic work focused on Latin and Greek literature, particularly Thucydides. In his youth, he was also an accomplished footballer, playing as an amateur for the England national team in the early 1880s.

Levan Gordeziani (1962-), historian and classical philologist, Professor at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Gordeziani's research focuses on the history and culture of the ancient Mediterranean and the Near East, with a particular interest in Greek historiography, epigraphy, and the historical geography of the Caucasus. Gordeziani published on Mycenaean traditions in Greek literature, Urartian-Georgian cultural relations, and the transmission of classical heritage in Georgia.

Johann Christoph Gottleber (1733-1785), classical philologist and educator. Gottleber studied at the University of Leipzig under Johann August Ernesti. During the Seven Years' War, he worked as a private tutor and continued his studies in Altdorf, earning a Magister degree in 1761. He later became rector of the Lyceum in Annaberg, where he founded student societies for German and Latin literature. In 1771, he was appointed director of the Fürstenschule in Meißen. His scholarly work focused on Plato, Philo, and Cicero. DB

Diego Gracián de Alderete (ca. 1510-1600), humanist. Born in Valladolid and educated in Louvain under Juan Luis Vives, he served as secretary and interpreter to Emperor Charles V and later King Philip II. Gracián produced the first complete Spanish translation of Thucydides, published in Salamanca in 1564. In addition to Thucydides, he translated numerous classical authors into Spanish, such as Plutarch (Moralia, 1548; Apophthegmata, 1533) and Xenophon (1552). Gracián's work had a long cultural legacy: his Thucydides remained the only complete Spanish version for nearly four centuries.

Maria Gabriela Granwehr (1942-), classical philologist and translator. Granwehr studied Classical Philology in Lisbon and has published on Latin literature, Greek influences in Roman texts, and the reception of classical culture in Portuguese-speaking contexts.

Charles Edward Graves (1839-1920), classical philologist, Fellow and former Lecturer in Classics at St. John's College, Cambridge. Among his most significant contributions are commentaries on Thucydides. Graves also edited several of Aristophanes' comedies and published editions of Plato's dialogues. Some of his works were primarily conceived as school texts for the study of classical literature.

David Grene (1913-2002), Professor of Classics at the University of Chicago, co-founder of the Committee on Social Thought. Grene has also translated Herodotus, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. DBCS

Felipe Zárate Guerrero (20th-21st centuries), Ph.D. student at Durham University. Zárate Guerrero holds a BA and MA in Philosophy from Universidad de los Andes (Colombia). 

Francisco Calderón (20th-21st centuries), Ph.D. student in Philosophy at the University of Michigan. Calderón holds a MA in Philosophy (University of Michigan), a BA Philosophy and a BSc in Physics from Universidad de los Andes (Colombia).

Juan David Navarro (20th-21st centuries), translator.

Santiago Eslava Bejarano (20th-21st centuries), Ph.D. Student in Comparative Studies in Literature and Culture at the University of Southern California. He holds a BA in Philosophy and Literature from Universidad de los Andes (Colombia) and a MA in Latin American Literature at the University of California, Davis.

Emperatriz Chinchilla Gutierrez (20th-21st centuries), Professor of Classics at the Universidad de los Andes (Colombia), has published textbooks for the study of classical languages.

Brian Marrin (20th-21st centuries), Assistant Professor at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Ph.D. in Philosophy at Boston University. Marrin's research focuses on ancient philosophy, especially on Plato and Stoicism.

Sergio Reinel Ariza (20th-21st centuries), Associate Professor at the Universidad de los Andes (Colombia), Department of Philosophy. Reinel Ariza specializes in ancient philosophy, and has published extensively on Plato.

Dušica Guteš (20th century-?), translator.

Antonio Guzmán Guerra (1942-), classical philologist and translator, Professor Emeritus of Greek Philology at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Guzmán Guerra's scholarly work focuses primarily on ancient Greek literature, with particular emphasis on Greek tragedy, historiography, and the classical tradition. He has published widely on Euripides, Sophocles, and Aristophanes, contributed to the Biblioteca Clásica Gredos, co-translating Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander, and edited and translated Thucydides, Plutarch, Diodorus Siculus, and Marcus Aurelius.

Gyula Muraközy (1892-1961), Reformed pastor, writer, and translator. Muraközy studied theology in Budapest and later in France, before serving for many years as a pastor in Kecskemét and Budapest. His career combined religious leadership with active engagement in cultural and literary life: he was involved in several church and ecumenical publications and held editorial positions for periodicals such as Református Élet. As a translator, Muraközy worked on classical texts; in addition to Thucydides, he produced Hungarian translations of Persius, Statius, and Juvenal.

Alfonso Gómez-Lobo (1940-2011), philosopher and translator who specialised in ancient Greek philosophy, ethics and bioethics. Educated in Chile, Greece and Germany, Gómez-Lobo earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Munich in 1966 and later taught at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and Georgetown University, where he became Ryan Family Professor of Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy. His research focused on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as on natural-law theory.

Franz Göller (1790-1853), classical philologist. Göller studied in Munich and later in Leipzig under Gottfried Hermann, where he became a member of the Griechische Gesellschaft, a scholarly society dedicated to the study and promotion of Greek philology and literature. After early teaching posts in Bavaria, he moved to the newly founded Gymnasium in Cologne in 1817. His major publications include editions of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Thucydides, Pseudo-Demetrius' De Elocutione, and Cicero's Orator. He also produced critical editions of Livy and studies on ancient Syracuse. DB

Heinrich Gürsching (1819-ante 1879), secondary school teacher at the Gymnasium in Augsburg and translator.

Otto Güthling (1853-1931), classical philologist, translator, and secondary school teacher. Güthling contributed to the Teubner series by editing works of Ovid and Virgil. He translated numerous works by ancient authors, including Herodotus, Xenophon, Thucydides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato, Terence, Lucretius, and Tacitus. In collaboration with other scholars, he co-authored Greek-German, Latin-German, German-Greek and German-Latin dictionaries. DB

Christoph Friedrich Ferdinand Haacke (1781-1855), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Haacke attended the Lyceum in Stettin from 1796 to 1800 and studied theology and philology at the University of Halle. In 1803, he became a teacher at the Pädagogium in Halle under the direction of Niemeyer. In 1808, Haacke was appointed to the Gymnasium in Stendal, where he served as rector and, from 1831, as director until his retirement in 1854. Besides Thucydides, Haacke also edited Euripides' Hecuba and Phoenissae (Stendal, 1820) with brief notes for educational purposes. In addition, he authored several textbooks aimed at school instruction. DB

Friedrich Haase (1808-1867), classical philologist, Professor at the University of Breslau. In 1834, Haase obtained an appointment at Schulpforta but was suspended and sentenced to six years in prison due to his association with the Burschenschaften, student associations of the time. Besides Thucydides, he worked on several classical authors, including Xenophon, Velleius Paterculus, Seneca, and Tacitus. DB

Elimelekh Epshtain Halevi (1901-1983), scholar and translator. Halevi taught in Meretz, Vilna, and Kovno before emigrating to Israel in 1926. He graduated from the first class of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, then taught Hebrew subjects for over thirty years in Tel Aviv. In later life he joined academia as a senior visiting lecturer at the Department of Talmud at Tel Aviv University (1958-1973) and at the Department of Hebrew Literature at the University of Haifa. Halevi published articles and essays on education, Halakhah, and Aggadah. OSUHebLexicon

Martin Hammond (1944-), classical scholar, former Head of Classics and Master in College at Eton College. Hammond was also Headmaster of City of London School and Tonbridge School, Kent. He has translated numerous classical works, including Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Marcus Aurelius' Meditations and Flavius Josephus' The Jewish War.

Johanna Hanink (1982-), Professor of Classics at Brown University, specialized in Greek tragedy and literature of classical Athens.

Harold Friend Harding (1903-1986), Professor of Public Speaking. He taught at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.

Amédée Hauvette (1856-1908), classical philologist. Hauvette entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1875 and ranked first at the agrégation des lettres in 1878. He then became a member of the École française d’Athènes (1878-1881); in 1906 he was appointed Professor of Greek poetry at the Sorbonne. Hauvette published extensively on Greek history and literature. His work was recognized with prizes from the Académie française and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles‑Lettres, and he was made Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur in 1903. Persée

John Raymond Hawthorn (20th century), classical scholar. Besides his work on Thucydides, he edited Sallust: Rome and Jugurtha (1969), a classroom edition of selections from the Bellum Iugurthinum.

Yuanguo He (1966-), historian and Professor of Classics at the School of History, Wuhan University, specialising in ancient Greek and Roman history. His research interests include Greek historiography, comparative intellectual history (esp. Greek and Chinese philosophical traditions), and the social history of ancient Greece. He also received in 2011 a Honorary Certificate for the Promotion of Greek Culture from the Greek Ambassador to China.

Ernest Heatley (20th century), classical scholar.

Bas Heijne (1960-), writer, translator, essayist, and columnist. Heijne studied English language and literature at the University of Amsterdam and began his literary career in the early 1980s. From the late 1980s onwards he published travel writing and essays and has been closely associated with the Dutch daily newspaper NRC Handelsblad, where he worked as an essayist and columnist since the early 1990s. He also translated works by authors such as Forster and Evelyn Waugh into Dutch.

Ivar August Heikel (1861-1952), classical philologist. Heikel became Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Helsinki in 1885, and served as Professor of Greek Literature from 1888 to 1926. He also held administrative offices as rector. His scholarly work focused primarily on ancient literature and intellectual history, with particular attention to early Christian authors, especially Eusebius of Caesarea. In his later years, Heikel devoted himself extensively to translation, producing Swedish and Finnish versions of major patristic texts.

Johann David Heilmann (1727-1764), theologian and philologist, rector of the Gymnasium in Hameln, then in Osnabrück, Professor of Theology in Göttingen from 1758. DB

Henry Vane Hemmings (19th century), classical scholar, translator. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, Hemmings also translated Plato.

Auguste Henry (1829-1909), classical scholar and secondary school teacher, agrégé de lettres. Henry served as professor of rhetoric at the Lycée Janson de Sailly in Paris and was active as author of school textbooks. His work focused on the teaching of classical literature and rhetoric, producing editions and instructional materials for students of Greek and Latin.

Ludwig Ferdinand Herbst (1811-1894), secondary school teacher and classical philologist. Herbst studied Classical Philology at the Universities of Göttingen and Berlin, where he was particularly influenced by Karl Otfried Müller and Karl Lachmann, and earned his doctorate in 1835. After returning to Hamburg, he spent over four decades teaching at the Johanneum. He published studies on Thucydides' style and textual criticism, culminating in a series of works produced after his retirement. Part of his research was published posthumously by Franz Müller, a grammar school teacher in Quedlinburg. DB

Juan Fernández de Heredia (ca. 1310-1396), man of letters and knight, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1377. A prominent figure within the Crown of Aragon and at Avignon's papal court, Heredia combined military leadership – he fought in the Aegean and was captured by Ottoman forces – with significant diplomatic influence in both Aragonese and papal affairs. Heredia founded a scriptorium in Avignon that produced major historiographical projects in the Aragonese vernacular, including Plutarch's Lives, Zonaras' Byzantine Epitome, and notably a partial translation of Thucydides. Spending his final years in Avignon under antipope Clement VII, Heredia continued overseeing this cultural production until his death in 1396. Treccani

Conrad Heresbach (1496-1576), humanist and jurist closely associated with Erasmus of Rotterdam. Educated in Cologne and later in France, Heresbach taught Greek in Freiburg before earning a doctorate in civil law from the University of Ferrara. In 1523, he became tutor and later advisor to the heir of Cleves. There, he helped shape the duchy's moderate religious policies, including the church ordinances of 1525, 1532, and 1567, which sought to mediate between Catholic and Protestant positions. Late in life, Heresbach turned to agricultural studies, authoring the first systematic description of farming practices in a German territory. A close friend of Melanchthon, he stood for moderation and religious reconciliation. DB

Henrik van Herwerden (1831-1910), classical philologist. Herwerden studied classical languages at Leiden University, earning his doctorate in 1855 with a dissertation on the fragments of Greek comic poets. After a period of research travel in Spain, France, and Italy, he taught at various Dutch gymnasiums before being appointed Professor of Greek language and literature at Utrecht University in 1864. Herwerden specialized in Greek philology and textual criticism. His publications include critical editions and studies on Thucydides, Sophocles, and Greek lexicography. He was elected a member of several scholarly academies, including the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences. He was made a Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 1886. DBLN

Francis Hickes (ca. 1565-1631), translator and classical scholar. Francis was the son of Richard Hickes, the queen's arrasmaker, possibly of Flemish origin. Appointed jointly with his father to the royal tapestry office in 1575, Hickes studied at St Mary Hall, Oxford, matriculating at thirteen and receiving his B.A. in 1583. He spent much of his life in rural Warwickshire and Worcestershire, especially in Barcheston and Shipston, devoting himself to Greek-to-English translations as a personal scholarly pursuit. Although none of his works appeared in print during his lifetime, his translation of Lucian's Dialogues and True History was published posthumously in 1634 by his son, Thomas Hickes. Two further translations – Thucydides' History and Herodian's History – survive in manuscript at Christ Church, Oxford. ODNB

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), philosopher, educated at Oxford and later a tutor to aristocratic families, best known for his political philosophy. Influenced by thinkers like Galileo and Descartes, Hobbes developed a materialistic and mechanistic view of the world. During the English Civil War, he fled to France, where he wrote Leviathan (1651), his most famous work, which laid the foundation for modern political theory and social contract philosophy. Upon returning to England, he remained influential despite ongoing controversy over his views on religion and politics. The first and the last works he published are translations of Greek authors: Thucydides (1629) and Homer (1673-1677). ODNB

Hubert Ashton Holden (1822-1896), classical scholar and headmaster. Holden studied at King Edward's School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a fellow of Trinity (1847-1854) and later vice-principal of Cheltenham College. From 1858 to 1883, he served as headmaster of Queen Elizabeth's School, Ipswich. After leaving Ipswich, he became a fellow of the University of London and served as classical examiner. He was also a vice-president of the Hellenic Society. Holden published several classical editions, including Plutarch's Lives and Xenophon's Hiero and Cyropaedeia. ODNB

Juho August Hollo (1885-1967), translator, Professor of Education at the University of Helsinki from 1930 to 1954. Hollo worked as a secondary school teacher from 1908 to 1919, became Professor at the University of Helsinki in 1920 and then spent five years in Leipzig and Vienna before returning to Helsinki to take up a professorship. From 1950 to 1954, he served as chancellor of Yhteiskunnallinen korkeakoulu (Civic College). He was among the most prolific translators into Finnish, translating works from multiple languages across a wide range of genres. By 1953, he reported having translated 170 books, with some sources attributing over 300 translations to him. His work included classical and modern authors such as Miguel de Cervantes, Anatole France, Gustave Flaubert, Stendhal, Voltaire, Charles Dickens, Jonathan Swift, Goethe, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Knut Hamsun, Nietzsche, and Thucydides.

Simon Hornblower (1949-), classical scholar and historian. Hornblower was a Prize Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, and later taught Ancient History at Oriel College, Oxford. From 1998 to 2010, he was Professor of Classics and Ancient History at University College London and held the Grote Chair of Ancient History. In 2010, he returned to All Souls College as a Senior Research Fellow. His major works are on Greek historiography and literature. He has also contributed to the Lexicon of Greek Personal Names and co-edited the 3rd and 4th editions of the Oxford Classical Dictionary. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 2004. BritAc

August Horneffer (1875-1955), philosopher, translator. Horneffer earned his doctorate in Berlin in 1898 with a dissertation on Johann Rosenmüller and later worked at the Nietzsche Archive in Weimar alongside his brother Ernst. He translated Greek and Latin authors, and became involved in Freemasonry, publishing influential works such as Der Bund der Freimaurer (1913) and Symbolik der Mysterienbünde (1916). As a lecturer and editor, he was involved in the reorganization of German Freemasonry after both World Wars. He has also translated Herodotus and Plato.

Karl Hude (1860-1936), classical philologist, author of influential editions of Thucydides, Herodotus, Xenophon and Lysias. Hude studied philology and history at the University of Copenhagen and earned his doctorate in 1888 with a dissertation on Thucydides' textual criticism. From 1919 to 1935, he was Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Copenhagen. In 1903, he was elected a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. Kraks Blå Bog

John Hudson (1662-1719), librarian and classical scholar. Educated at Queen's College, Oxford, Hudson became a fellow of University College and was appointed Bodleian Librarian in 1701. ODNB

Félix Huerta Tejada (20th century), philologist and translator. Huerta Tejada worked on medieval literature and classical historiography, producing a Vocabulario de las Obras de Don Juan Manuel (1282–1348) (1956), and preparing commentaries on Thucydides, Sallust, and Cornelius Nepos.

Emil Hårdh (1841-1919), secondary school teacher and translator. Emil was the son of Gustaf Adolf Hårdh, a crown bailiff and assessor. He served at the Helsinki Swedish Lyceum as a lecturer in German and Swedish from 1886 to 1900, and in French and German from 1900 to 1905. As a translator, Hårdh produced Finnish renditions of classical and European works. Besides Thucydides, he also translated Plato's Apology (1882) and produced translations of German and French literature, including works by Friedrich von Schiller.

Joseph Otto Höijer (1775-1833), classical philologist. Höijer studied at Uppsala University from 1790 and obtained his Master's degree in 1800. In the same year he was appointed professor in Roman literature, became adjunct professor of Greek and Oriental languages in 1802, and was promoted to Professor of Greek in 1815. His principal work is a Swedish translation of Thucydides' History. Runenberg

Alfons Isnenghi (20th century), classical scholar, secondary school teacher at the Staatsgymnasium of Salzburg, and author of studies on Latin literature.

Aoki Iwao (1900-1973), philosopher specialised in Greek and Roman philosophy. Born in Osaka, he graduated from Keio University (Tokyo) and the University of Missouri. Iwao served as Principal of the Keio University Preparatory School, Professor at Keio University, and Professor at Sophia University (Tokyo). His translations include Aristotle's Politics, Herodotus' Histories, Thucydides' History, and Croce's The Philosophy of Giambattista Vico.

Maximilian Jacobi (1775-1858), physician and early psychiatrist. Educated in Jena, Göttingen, Edinburgh, and London, Jacobi earned his doctorate in 1797 and held various medical posts before becoming director of the Siegburg asylum in 1822, a role he held for over 30 years. After earning his doctorate, he settled as a physician in Eutin, where he sought to supplement his income by translating the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Plato. He pioneered a scientific, somatic approach to psychiatry, emphasizing humane treatment, empirical observation, and a close link between mental and physical health. DB

Louys Jausaud d'Uzez (1580-1665), humanist. Jausaud served as a counselor at the Chambre mi-partie de Castres, a special mixed chamber established under the Edict of Nantes to adjudicate cases involving both Protestants and Catholics. A committed supporter of the Reformation Church, he was also a prominent member of the Académie de Castres, a regional learned society founded in 1648.

Thomas Theophilus Jeffery (1854-1940), teacher, classicist, and translator. Educated at Cambridge, Jeffery was elected Fellow of Peterhouse, and later served as a Fellow of St Peter's College. For The University Tutorial Series – a late 19th- and early 20th-century educational collection aimed at preparing students for university examinations – he translated works by Thucydides and Demosthenes, and edited texts by Euripides and Cicero.

Henry Stuart Jones (1867-1939), classical scholar and lexicographer. From 1890 to 1906, Stuart Jones was a Fellow of Trinity College, and between 1903 and 1905, he served as Director of the British School at Rome. In 1919, he was appointed Camden Professor of Ancient History and became a Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. In 1927, he assumed the position of Principal of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He was knighted in 1933. A Fellow of the British Academy from 1915, he also served as President of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies from 1926 to 1929. From 1925 to 1940, he was the editor-in-chief of the new edition of Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. ODNB

Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893), writer, classical scholar, and theologian. Jowett was a scholar at St Paul's School before winning an open scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. He was elected to a fellowship in 1838 while still an undergraduate and graduated with first-class honours in 1839. Appointed Regius Professor of Greek in 1855, Jowett earned acclaim for his theology, notably his commentary on St Paul's Epistles, which became a touchstone of Victorian liberal theology and sparked controversy. Jowett became Master of Balliol in 1870 and held office until his death. He oversaw major college reforms, including the construction of a new hall, establishment of a student library and playing field, and the introduction of undergraduates from diverse backgrounds, including Indian Civil Service probationers. Renowned for his translations of Plato, Thucydides, and Aristotle's Politics, Jowett opened the classics to a broad Victorian readership. ODNB

Dēmētrios Kaklamanos (1872-1949), diplomat, journalist, and writer. Kaklamanos began his career in journalism, serving as director of the newspaper Politeia in 1892 and later as editor of To Asty. He entered the Greek diplomatic service in 1901 and held several important posts, including consul in Odessa (1907), secretary of the Greek embassy in Paris (1910-1912), chargé d'affaires in Italy (1912-1914), and director of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1914-1915). Notably, he was a Greek delegate to the League of Nations and participated in the Lausanne Peace Conference, where he signed the Final Act of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 alongside Eleutherios Venizelos.

Ioannis (Johannes Theophanes) Kakridis (1901-1992), classical philologist. Kakridis studied classical literature at the universities of Athens (where he earned his doctorate), Vienna, Berlin, and Leipzig. He worked as a secondary school teacher in Spetses and held academic positions at the University of Thessaloniki and the University of Athens. In 1945, he participated in a four-member commission, documenting German war crimes on Crete. Kakridis' scholarship focused on Homeric studies.

Joachim Kammermeister, or Camerarius (1500-1574), classical scholar, humanist. Camerarius studied at Leipzig and Erfurt, and later taught at several universities, including Leipzig and Tübingen. He contributed to the educational and scholarly reforms of the German Renaissance and was closely associated with Philip Melanchthon and the Protestant Reformation, although he remained a moderate voice in religious controversies. A prolific editor and translator of Greek and Latin texts, Camerarius produced influential editions of authors such as Herodotus, Thucydides, Homer, Sophocles, Plautus, Cicero, and Aristotle. In addition to his editorial work, Camerarius wrote biographies of ancient authors and treatises on grammar and rhetoric, helping to shape the curriculum of humanist education in Germany. Treccani/)

Wolther Kassies (1933-), classical scholar and translator. In addition to Thucydides, Kassies translated other classical authors into Dutch, including Herodotus and Polybius' Histories, and Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica.

Reza Kaviani (1904-1968), political thinker and civil servant. Kaviani pursued secondary education in Germany from 1922, where he earned a doctorate in 1929 with a dissertation on transportation policy in Persia. Upon his return to Iran, he served in senior administrative posts in the Ministry of Finance and participated in efforts at institutional reform. In 1946, he left government service and became active in pro-democracy political movements siding Mohammad Mosaddegh and advocating national reforms. He was among the founding members of the National Front (Jabha-yi Millī) in 1949, later establishing the Dissident Society, a circle of nationalist intellectuals. He distanced himself from the National Front and Mosaddegh government around 1951 over disagreements concerning political strategy, institutional reform, and foreign-policy planning. Kaviani authored works on statecraft and strategic policy, and translated some dialogues of Plato.

Thomas Kirchmeyer, or Naogeorgus, (1508-1563), theologian, playwright, poet, and classical scholar. Originally a Dominican friar, Kirchmeyer left the order around 1526 and became an active figure in the Protestant movement, supported by Philipp Melanchthon and aligned with Reformed circles in southern Germany and the Palatinate. He gained European recognition for his Neo-Latin dramas, which fused theology, politics, and classical models to critique Church corruption and champion Protestant reform. His biblical tragedies used scriptural themes to expose the moral failures of contemporary society and rulers. Alongside his theatrical output, Kirchmeyer wrote extensive moral and theological poetry and contributed to Latin humanist scholarship through translations from Greek, including Sophocles. DB

Johann Hyacinth Kistemaker (1754-1834), theologian, philologist, and educator. Kistemaker studied at the University of Münster, focusing on theology and philology. He was ordained priest in December 1777 and began teaching at Gymnasium Paulinum in 1778. In 1786 he was appointed Professor of Ancient Languages at Münster University and became the school's rector from 1794 to 1816, concurrently serving as librarian of the Paulinian Library. He was also a member of the Consistory of Westphalia (1816-1818) and joined Münster Cathedral's Domkapitel in 1823. Decorated with a Prussian Red Eagle in 1829, he continued teaching until serious illness forced his retirement. Kistemaker authored several textbooks in Latin, Greek, and German for gymnasium students. His biblical translation and commentary – Die heiligen Schriften des Neuen Testaments (1818-1823) – was translated independently into German in 1825, widely circulating among German Catholics. DB

Heinrich Wilhelm Friedrich Klein (1785-1866), classical philologist and theologian. Klein studied theology, philology, and pedagogy in Jena from 1807 to 1810. After working as a private lecturer, he served as Professor of Greek and Latin at the Gymnasium in Hildburghausen from 1813 to 1829, before being appointed court preacher in Eisenberg.

Albert Klinz (1909-1992), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Klinz worked as a Studiendirektor/Oberstudienrat (senior secondary‐school teacher and director) within the German educational system, and was actively engaged in the teaching and didactics of the ancient languages. His scholarly work focused primarily on the preparation of educational editions and commentaries on Greek and Latin authors, combining the original texts with pedagogical guidance for students. DB

Haruo Konishi (1932-2023), classical scholar and Professor of Classics at the University of New Brunswick. His research focused on Greek historiography and ancient Greek drama.

Jan Konůpek (1855-1920), classical scholar and secondary school teacher. Konůpek taught at the 'higher' gymnasium in Mladá Boleslav in eastern Bohemia (1881-1885); the 'real' gymnasium in Nový Bydžov, also in eastern Bohemia (1885-1899); and from 1899 to 1916, when he retired, at the Czech real and 'higher' gymnasium in Prague.

Martin Kraus, or Crusius, (1526-1607), classical scholar and historian, educated in Ulm and Strasbourg. Kraus was a follower of Philip Melanchthon. In 1554 he became rector of the Latin school in Memmingen, and from 1559 he taught Greek and Latin at the University of Tübingen. He is best known for producing the first German commentary on the complete works of Homer. He also published the monumental Annales Suevici and the Diarium, which offer vast repositories of historical, cultural, and philological data. DB

Heinrich Kraz (1811-1891), classical philologist, Senior academic counselor at the Eberhard-Ludwig Gymnasium in Stuttgart. Besides Thucydides, Kraz has worked on Herodotus and Cicero. DB

Karl Wilhelm Krüger (1796-1874), classical philologist. Krüger studied in Halle and later held teaching positions in Zerbst, Bernburg, and at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin. From 1838 onward, he lived in retirement, focusing on independent scholarship and publishing through his own press, Krüger's Erben. Krüger is best known for his Greek Grammar for Schools (Griechische Sprachlehre für Schulen, 1843-1855) and for annotated school editions of Greek authors including Thucydides, Herodotus, Xenophon, and Arrian. He also published historical and philological works, such as a Latin translation of Clinton's Fasti Hellenici and a study of the Pentekontaetia in Thucydides. DB

Masaaki Kubo (1930-), classical scholar, Emeritus Professor of the University of Tokyo and former President of the Japan Academy. After graduating from Harvard University, Kubo taught for many years at the University of Tokyo, later serving as President of the Tōhoku University of Art and Design. He translated into Japanese several classical authors, among them Thucydides, Aeschylus and Sophocles. Kubo was decorated with the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, for his contributions to classical scholarship.

Peter Kuklica (1933-2015), classical scholar and historian. Kuklica studied classics at Bratislava University. From 1961 he taught ancient history and Modern Greek at the same university, attaining full professorship in 1993. Kuklica collaborated on Slovak translations of selected works by Cicero and Plutarch's Lives.

Kazimierz Feliks Kumaniecki (1905-1977), classical philologist. Born in Kraków, Kumaniecki studied classical philology at the Jagiellonian University and later in Berlin. In 1936, he became a Professor at the University of Warsaw, where he founded the Department of Classical Philology. During World War II, he was actively involved in the Polish resistance and, after the war, became a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Between 1945 and 1946, he served as a representative of the Christian Democratic Party Stronnictwo Pracy in the State National Council. In 1964, Kumaniecki was among the signatories of the "Letter of 34", a petition signed by thirty-four prominent Polish intellectuals protesting against the cultural policies of the communist authorities, including the pervasive exercise of state censorship and restrictions on freedom of expression. Kumaniecki's scholarly interests encompassed ancient Greek and Latin literature, rhetoric, and the history of classical culture. He translated and commented on works by authors such as Cicero, Sallust, and Thucydides. Kumaniecki also compiled a Latin-Polish dictionary.

Antoni Marian Kurpiel (1866-1917), literary critic and translator. Kurpiel published studies on Polish Enlightenment writers, addressing also issues of Polish intellectual history and classical tradition.

Mário da Gama Kury (1922-2016), lawyer, writer, and translator. Kury studied law and worked as a lawyer at the state-owned company Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, serving in that capacity for over 30 years. Upon his retirement in 1976, Kury devoted himself more fully to his passion: directly translating works of Greco‑Roman literature from original languages into Portuguese. Among his original works is Dicionário de Mitologia Grega e Romana (1984). He also translated many classical tragedies, comedies, philosophical and historiographical texts, including authors such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Aristotle, and Thucydides.

Friedrich Heinrich Kämpf (1810-1888), classical philologist, secondary school teacheer, and school director. Kämpf served as an Oberlehrer (senior teacher) in Neuruppin before becoming a member of the Prussian National Assembly and later Gymnasium Director in Landsberg an der Warthe. He also held the position of rector during the academic year 1828-1829. DB

Bronisław Kąsinowski (1861-1918), scholar and translator. Kąsinowski authored critical essays on Polish writers such as Wojciech Cybulski, and contributed to the dissemination of classical literature in Polish education.

William Alexander Lamberton (1848-1910), classical scholar. Lamberton graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with an A.B. in 1866 and an A.M. in 1869. Early in his career he taught Latin and Greek, and mathematics, at Lehigh University before being appointed professor of Greek and Latin (1878-1880) and later Professor of Greek language and literature at the University of Pennsylvania (from 1888). Lamberton is especially known for his annotated editions of classical texts in the Harper's Classical Series.

Georg Peter Landmann (1905-1994), classical philologist, translator, and secondary school teacher. Landmann earned his doctorate in Classical Philology from the University of Basel in 1930, and taught Latin and Greek at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basel. He is best known for his translations of ancient authors such as Homer and Thucydides, as well as Dante's Comedy. DB

Edmund Bernhard Lange (1855-1932), classical philologist, historian, and librarian. Lange studied classical philology at the universities of Jena, Munich, Berlin, and Halle, completing his doctoral dissertation on Cicero's assessment of Greek literature at Halle in 1880. After an initial period as a school teacher, Lange worked as a volunteer and assistant at the University Library of Greifswald, where he was appointed librarian in 1900 and remained until his retirement in 1913. Lange published studies on the Greek historians Thucydides and Xenophon. In addition to his classical scholarship, he wrote on pomeranian local history. DB

Donald Lateiner (1944-), Emeritus Professor of Humanities-Classics at Ohio Wesleyan University. Lateiner has published on Greek Historiography (The Historical Method of Herodotus, 1989) as well as on Heliodorus and nonverbal behavior in antiquity.

Steven Lattimore (1938-), Emeritus Professor of Classics and Classical Archaeology at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research focuses on Greek literature, history, and material culture. Lattimore has taught courses on ancient literature, art and iconography, as well as Greek and Roman athletics. He is also a member of the German Archaeological Institute.

Philippe Le Bas (1794-1860), classical scholar, archaeologist, epigraphist, and librarian. Le Bas was a professor at the École Normale Supérieure and later served as director of the Sorbonne Library, where he worked from the 1840s until his death in 1860. He was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles‑Lettres and served as president of the Institut de France, reflecting his standing in French scholarly circles. Le Bas directed several archaeological expeditions to Greece and Asia Minor and collected a substantial number of inscriptions and drawings. Moreover, he published a range of classical and historical works – including editions and translations of Greek and Latin texts, commentaries, and compilations.

Mary Lefkowitz (1935-), classical scholar. Lefkowitz was educated at Wellesley College (B.A.) and at Radcliffe College/Harvard University (Ph.D.). She taught for many years at Wellesley College. Her research has focused primarily on Greek poetry, especially Pindar and Greek myth, as well as on the social and intellectual history of classical antiquity.

A. Legouëz (19th century), classical scholar and translator. Legouëz collaborated on bilingual and annotated editions of authors such as Thucydides, Cicero, and Ovid, providing original text with French translation and commentary.

Leo Lewin (20th-21st centuries), translator.

Carl Sture Linnér (1917-2010), classical philologist, translator, and diplomat. Linnér studied classical philology at Uppsala University, completing his doctorate in 1943 with a dissertation on the Historia Lausiaca of Palladius; he subsequently became professor of Greek language and literature. Alongside his academic training, Linnér pursued an international career in diplomacy and public service, including senior roles in Swedish industry and service as head of the United Nations civilian mission in the Congo during the Congo Crisis (1960-1961). Linnér published on Greek history, international affairs, and contemporary history. Besides Thucydides' History, he also translated Livy. In his later years, he was involved in cultural initiatives connected with the classical heritage of the Mediterranean, including efforts to support the modern revival of the Library of Alexandria. Runeberg

Eduard Lisco (1879-1941), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. From 1924 Lisco was director of the Staatliches Gymnasium in Göttingen. With Max Carstenn he co-edited and published Greek text and commentaries on Thucydides for the Teubner Schülerausgaben (school editions). Lisco's career was affected by political developments after 1933; as an advocate of the Weimar Republic he came under pressure from the National Socialist regime and was demoted.

Richard Winn Livingstone (1880-1960), classical scholar and university administrator. Livingstone studied at Winchester College and New College, Oxford. He was fellow and tutor, and later librarian and president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Livingstone published works on classical education and Greek thought, translated Plato and Thucydides, and initiated the Clarendon Greek and Latin Series. He held presidencies of the Hellenic Society (1938) and the Classical Association (1940-1941) and lectured widely, particularly in the United States. He was knighted in 1931, and awarded several international distinctions, including the King Haakon VII Liberty Cross and the Légion d’honneur. ODNB

Dirk Loenen (1890-1966), classical scholar, translator, and secondary school teacher. Loenen earned his doctorate in Classical Letters and Philosophy from the University of Amsterdam in 1923. Then he worked as a teacher and later professor of classical languages, publishing scholarly studies on Greek literature, history, and philosophy. DBNL

Arthur Loiseau (ca. 1830-1903), Professor at the Lycée of Vanves.

Oddone Longo (1930-2018), classical philologist, Professor of Greek Literature, History of the Greek Language, and History of Scientific Thought at the University of Padua, later Emeritus at the same university. His research has focused primarily on Greek theatre, Greek thought, Aristotle, and Galileo. Longo also served as President of the Accademia Galileiana of Padua.

Edme‑Paul‑Marcellin Longueville (1785-1855), classical scholar. Born in Paris, Longueville devoted his life to classical studies despite a childhood paralysis that left him unable to use his legs. He authored educational and linguistic work, and collaborated on the Dictionnaire grec of Jean‑Frédéric Ostervald and on the new edition of the Thesaurus linguae graecae of Henri Estienne.

Félix Losada Vieira (20th century-), communications executive and institutional relations specialist. He serves as the Director of Marketing and Institutional Relations at Deloitte Spain. Throughout his career, he has served as an advisor to the Spanish Minister of Defense. He is actively engaged in international relations and professional networks: he is a board member and trustee of the Euroamérica Foundation, President of VIA Círculo Jefferson (an alumni association for U.S. State Department programs), President of AED Global (the international branch of the Spanish Association of Executives), head of the technical secretariat for the Kingdom of Spain Entrepreneurial Career Award, and a member of the International Relations Committee of CEOE (Confederation of Employers and Industries of Spain).

Mohammad Hassan Lotfi (1919-1999), lawyer and translator. Lotfi studied law and political science at the University of Tehran, graduating in 1942, and later pursued advanced studies at the University of Istanbul and in Europe, at the Georg-August University in Göttingen, where he earned a doctorate in law. After returning to Iran in 1948, Lotfi practiced law in Tehran and Tabriz while teaching history. During the period of oil nationalization, he became involved in political and intellectual circles, joining the Dissident Society founded by Reza Kaviani. Lotfi participated in translations of classical texts, notably Plato and Aristotle.

Melchior Lotter the Younger (ca. 1490-1542), printer and humanist. Son of the elder Lotter, he established the influential Wittenberg press in 1519 under the patronage of Martin Luther and Lucas Cranach. He printed Luther's German New Testament (1522) using Greek types imported from Leipzig. This technological innovation was not merely typographic: it directly supported Philipp Melanchthon, reformer and professor of Greek at Wittenberg, providing him with the essential tools to conduct his Greek classes and develop his curriculum in humanist scholarship. DB

Polly Low (20th-21st centuries), historian of ancient Greece and Professor at Durham University (UK). Low studied at the University of Oxford and completed her Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge, where she later held a research fellowship at Christ's College. Before joining Durham University in 2018, she taught at the University of Manchester. Her research focuses on the political history of the Classical Greek world, especially interstate relations, Athenian empire, and aspects of Greek historiography, including work on Thucydides. Low published monographs and edited volumes on classical Greek interstate relations and empire, and she is the editor of The Cambridge Companion to Thucydides (2023).

Otto Luschnat (1911-1990), classical philologist, educated at the universities of Jena, Vienna, and Berlin. In 1933, Luschnat joined the SA, where he held the rank of Rottenführer. On July 13, 1937, he applied for membership in the Nazi Party. In 1939, he earned his doctorate with a dissertation titled Die Feldherrnreden im Geschichtswerk des Thukydides (The Speeches of Generals in the Historical Work of Thucydides), which was published in 1942. In 1956, he was appointed Professor of Classical Philology at the Church University of Berlin-Zehlendorf. DB

Pierre Charles Lévesque (1736-1812), historian, philosopher, translator. Originally trained as an engraver, Lévesque later studied philosophy and literature, gaining entry into the intellectual circles of the philosophes. In 1773, Lévesque was invited to Russia by Catherine II and appointed Professor of Fine Arts at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St Petersburg. During his stay, he developed a deep interest in Russian culture and institutions. Upon returning to France in 1780, he published his most influential work, Histoire de Russie (1782-1790, 5 vols.), which became the principal reference on Russian history for the French public throughout the 19th century. His approach combined Enlightenment historiography with empirical documentation, and he sought to interpret Russian development through the lens of civilization and progress. Lévesque also contributed to the French reception of ancient Greek thought through translations and commentaries on classical authors, including Plato and Xenophon. He was a member of the Institut de France from 1795 and held the chair of ancient history at the Collège de France. During the Revolution, he aligned with moderate republican ideals but avoided active political engagement. Cahiers du Monde Russe

Alonso López Pinciano (ca. 1547-1627), humanist and physician. López Pinciano practiced medicine at the Spanish royal court and served as physician to María of Austria and her daughter, the Infanta Margarita. His major work, Philosophía antigua poética (1596), is a systematic and Aristotelian treatise on poetics, written in epistolary and dialogic form. López Pinciano advocated for a poetics grounded in reason and classical principles, positioning himself among the so-called preceptistas aristotélicos. He also composed the epic poem El Pelayo (1605) and translated medical and philosophical texts, including works by Hippocrates. Treccani

Vicente López Soto (1906-?), classical scholar and translator. López Soto began translating Greek and Latin classics as early as 1944, working for Barcelona publishers such as Juventud, Bruguera, and Ramón Sopena. Among his numerous translations are works by Homer, Thucydides, Xenophon, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Plato, as well as Latin authors including Julius Caesar, Cicero, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, Apuleius, and Suetonius.

Luis Miguel Macía Aparicio (20th-21th centuries), classical philologist, Professor of Classical Philology at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid from 1979 until becoming Emeritus in 2018. His research and publications primarily focus on Greek literature, with particular attention to Aristophanes, Euripides, and Thucydides.

Antonio Maddalena (1913-1979), secondary school teacher of Greek and Latin, school principal, and Professor of Greek Literature at the University of Turin from 1952. From 1967, Maddalena served as editor of the Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica. His work focused primarily on philosophy, historiography, theatre, and New Testament exegesis. Treccani

Fotios Malleros Kasimatis (1914-1986), classical scholar and Byzantinist, born in Smyrna. Malleros studied philology and history at the University of Athens before emigrating to Latin America in the aftermath of World War II. In 1947, he settled in Chile, where he was invited to join the University of Chile by Juan Gómez Millas. There, he taught Greek language, literature, and history at the Instituto Pedagógico, and played a central role in establishing Byzantine and Neo-Hellenic studies in the region. Malleros published several pioneering works in Spanish on Byzantine history and culture, including Historia Bizantina (1949) and El Imperio Bizantino 395‑1204. Historia, Cultura y Derecho (1951).

Pietro Malusa (19th-20th centuries), secondary school teacher and classicist. Malusa taught at a ginnasio in Palermo and produced school-oriented commentaries and translations of classical authors, including Thucydides, Plato, Simonides, and Archilochus.

Aldo Manuzio (ca. 1452-1515), humanist, scholar, and printer. Educated in Rome and Ferrara, Manuzio was deeply engaged in classical studies and became a central figure in the Renaissance revival of Greek and Latin literature. In 1494, he established in Venice his printing house, which gained fame for producing high-quality editions of ancient texts. He was the first to publish many Greek works in their original language, including those by Aristotle, Plato, Thucydides, and Herodotus. To ensure accuracy and philological rigor, he collaborated closely with prominent émigré Greek scholars such as Janus Lascaris, Markos Mousouros, and Demetrios Doukas, who helped edit and proofread the Greek texts. Manuzio also introduced significant technical innovations, such as the italic typeface and the octavo format, making books more portable and accessible. Through his Aldine editions, he played a vital role in preserving and disseminating classical knowledge, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of printing and humanist scholarship. Treccani

Pietro Manzi (1785-1839), magistrate and scholar. From 1831, Manzi served as president of the Commercial Court of Civitavecchia. Alongside his legal career, he nurtured literary and archaeological interests: he was a member of the Accademia dell'Arcadia, a fellow of the Institut de France, and a member of the Institute of Archaeological Correspondence. He was the author of several works on classics.

Edgar Cardew Marchant (1864-1960), classical scholar, Sub-Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. Educated at New College, Oxford, Marchant became a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, before pursuing a long teaching career at University College School in London. Marchant contributed significantly to the Loeb Classical Library, publishing English translations and Greek texts of Thucydides and Xenophon's Hellenica and Memorabilia.

Francesco Marinelli (1873-post 1933), secondary school teacher and translator. In addition to Thucydides, Marinelli translated several classical authors, including Aeschylus, Xenophon and Seneca.

David Martelo (1946-), Portuguese Army officer (colonel) and military historian. Martelo began his military career in 1963 and served actively until 1995. After retiring from the army, he devoted himself to writing, focusing on contemporary defense issues and military history. For Edições Sílabo, he translated and wrote the prefaces for Machiavelli's three major works (The Prince, Discourses on Livy, and The Art of War), as well as Thucydides' History. He is a full member of the Scientific Council of the Portuguese Commission of Military History and served on the Bibliographic Committee of the International Commission of Military History from 2007 to 2012.

Richard Henry Mather (1834-1890), classical scholar and Professor of Greek at Amherst College. Mather was educated at Amherst, where he served successively as tutor of Greek, Assistant Professor, Professor of Greek and German from 1864, and later Professor of Greek and lecturer on sculpture from 1878. He edited several Greek textbooks for collegiate use, many of which went through multiple editions. His principal publications include editions of Herodotus and Thucydides, Sophocles (1873), and Aeschylus (1883).

August Matthiae (1769-1835), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Matthiae studied Classical Philology at the University of Göttingen under Heyne, whose influence decisively shaped his scholarly orientation. After early philological work on Greek fragments and the Homeric Hymns, he pursued an academic career primarily within secondary education. From 1802 he served as director of the Friedrichs-Gymnasium in Altenburg. His scholarly output includes the Ausführliche griechische Grammatik (1807), widely used in German schools, and a large critical edition of Euripides (1813-1829). He also produced pedagogical compilations of Greek prose authors, intended for advanced instruction. DB

Philipp Melanchthon, born Schwarzerdt (1497-1560), humanist, theologian, and reformer, widely regarded as one of the most influential figures of the Protestant Reformation after Martin Luther. Melanchthon studied Latin, Greek, and philosophy at the universities of Heidelberg and Tübingen, earning his M.A. at the age of 17. In 1518, he was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Wittenberg, where he quickly became a central figure in the intellectual and theological life of the Reformation. He collaborated closely with Martin Luther, drafting key doctrinal statements such as the Augsburg Confession (1530). Melanchthon was also a leading figure in Renaissance humanism. He promoted the study of classical languages and literature and played a pivotal role in reforming educational curricula throughout German-speaking Europe. His textbooks on logic, rhetoric, ethics, and theology became widely used. While loyal to the core principles of the Reformation, Melanchthon often sought compromise with Catholic interlocutors and other Protestant factions, a stance that earned him both admiration and criticism. His irenic temperament and emphasis on moral philosophy and civic responsibility shaped what became known as the "Philippist" strand of Lutheranism. DB

Manuel Antonio Meliá y Rivelles (18th century), clergyman and writer. Meliá y Rivelles is the author of Excelencias de la virginidad evangélica (Madrid, 1790), a religious and ascetic treatise defending Christian celibacy against contemporary philosophical currents. According to L. Segalá Estalella (El renacimiento helénico en Cataluña, 1916), he also published a Spanish translation of Thucydides with notes, though no extant copy of this work has been identified.

Milena Milin (20th century), classical scholar and epigraphist at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade.

T. R. Mills (20th century), classical scholar, late lecturer in Greek at Aberdeen University, former scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Mills co-authored a Student's Companion to Latin Authors.

Milko Mirčev (1906-1973), classical scholar, archaeologist and epigrapher. Mirčev worked on archaeological excavations at Odessos/Varna, published on amphoric stamps and other material from Varna Museum, and contributed numerous short studies and catalogues to local museum proceedings.

Fedor Gerasimovich Mishchenko (1848-1906), historian, classical philologist, and translator. Mishchenko completed his studies at the historical‑philological faculty of Kiev University in 1870; he then taught at Kiev University from 1872 to 1884 and later became Professor of Greek Language and Literature at Kazan University, where he also served as editor of the Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. In 1895 he was elected a corresponding member of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His scholarly work included articles on Greek history and Greek literature and major translations of classical historical texts into Russian, each accompanied by critical introductions, commentary, and explanatory notes. Among his translations were Strabo's Geography (Moscow, 1879), Herodotus' Histories (Moscow, 1885-1886), Thucydides' History (Moscow, 1887-1888),  and Polybius' Histories (Moscow, 1890-1899).

Mauro Moggi (1942-), Professor of Greek History at the University of Siena, expert in Archaic and Classical Greek history. Moggi is a founding member and a board member of S.I.S.A.C. (Società Italiana per lo Studio dell’Antichità Classica).

Claudio Moreschini (1938-), classical philologist, Professor at the University of Pisa, expert in Platonism and Patristics. BeWeb

Charles D'Urban Morris (1827-1886), classical scholar, Professor of Greek and Latin at Johns Hopkins University. Morris' work focused primarily on Latin grammar and Greek history. DBCS

Robert Adolf Morstadt (1803-1873), classical scholar, educator, and school director. Morstadt studied classical philology in Leipzig and Heidelberg, and earned his doctorate in 1827 with a thesis on the Rhesus attributed to Euripides. He began his teaching career in Frankfurt and co-edited a major edition of Thucydides in 1835. In 1839, he became director of the Gymnasium in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, where he remained until retirement. His scholarly interests included Sophocles, Plato, Livy, Tacitus, and Cicero. DB

Mireia Movellán Luis (20th century-), classical philologist. Movellán Luis completed her Ph.D. in Ancient World Studies at the Complutense University of Madrid with a dissertation on the Trojan Chronicle of Dictys of Crete. Se has been Assistant Professor at the University of Valencia since 2017 and Profesor Contratado Doctor since 2021. Her research focuses on Roman Imperial literature and narratology, with particular attention to mythography and historiography.

Gilbert Murray (1866-1957), classical scholar. In 1889, at the age of twenty-three, Murray was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Glasgow. In 1908 he succeeded Lewis Campbell as Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Oxford, a position he held until 1936. Murray was especially renowned for his English verse translations of Greek tragedy, including plays by Euripides, Aeschylus, and Sophocles. Beyond philology, Murray was active in public life. He was a strong advocate of internationalism and a supporter of the League of Nations, working alongside figures connected with what later became Chatham House.

Virgjil Muçi (1956-), writer, translator, and journalist. Muçi studied literature and linguistics, earning two university degrees in Tirana, and has been active in Albanian cultural life for over three decades. He is known for his versatile literary output, which includes novels, children's literature, short and long prose, poetry, and literary criticism. As a translator he played a major role in bringing international literature into the Albanian language, translating works from English, Italian, Serbian, and Spanish by authors such as Sontag, Lindgren, Bukowski, Dickens, Agatha Christie, and many others. Muçi has also worked in cultural institutions, including roles at the Ministry of Culture, the National Library of Albania, and in diplomatic posts for Albania in Ottawa and Belgrade.

Jeremy Mynott (1942-), classical scholar, naturalist, and writer. Mynott is Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge, and formerly served as Chief Executive of Cambridge University Press. His work bridges classical studies and natural history.

Henning Mørland (1903-1989), classical philologist and translator. Mørland completed his doctoral dissertation in 1932 on the Latin translations of the Greek physician Oribasius. After periods of study in Germany, France, and Sweden, where he attended seminars on Late Latin under Einar Löfstedt, he served as Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Oslo (1949-1973). His scholarly interests included Latin prose and poetry, particularly Virgil. Alongside his academic work, Mørland was a prolific translator of Greek and Latin literature into Norwegian, producing nineteen volumes of translations, including works by Plato, Apuleius, Cicero, Tacitus, Herodotus, Xenophon, and Thucydides. Mørland was elected to the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (1943), the Royal Society of the Humanities at Uppsala (1964), and the Norwegian Academy (1973). SNL

Franz Müller (1847-?), senior teacher at the Royal Gymnasium in Quedlinburg. Müller published several commentaries on classical authors, primarily intended for Gymnasium students, with a particular focus on Thucydides.

Johann Georg Hieronymus Müller (1785-1861), classical philologist and translator. Müller studied classical philology under Christian Gottlob Heyne in Göttingen and Friedrich August Wolf in Halle. After earning his doctorate in Erfurt in 1807, he served as a teacher and later Professor at the Domgymnasium in Naumburg, where he worked for nearly four decades. Müller published numerous translations from classical and modern languages, including works by Euripides, Thucydides, Aristophanes, and especially Plato. DB

Walter Müri (1899-1968), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Müri studied initially medicine and then classical philology, history, and German studies at the University of Basel. He received his doctorate in 1924. From 1925 Müri taught Latin, Greek, and German at the Literargymnasium Kirchenfeld in Bern, serving as its rector from 1932 to 1955. Müri's scholarship focused on ancient medicine. He published editions and translations of classical texts, notably Xenophon's Anabasis and collections of Greek and Latin medical sources (Der Arzt im Altertum, 1938).
Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv BAR

Josu Naberan (1941-), scholar, translator, and secondary school teacher. Naberan translated major works into Basque, including Thucydides' History, as well as writings by Herodotus, Hobbes, and Hume. Naberan also contributed to the study of Basque language, culture, and mythology, publishing research on Basque etymology, traditional myths, and calendars. His work bridges classical scholarship and Basque cultural studies, promoting both language preservation and access to global classics in the Basque context.

Blaise Nagy (1948-), classical scholar. Nagy taught in the Department of Classics at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1976 until 2017, and served as department chair from 1990 to 2004. He holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University and taught Greek and Latin language as well as courses on Greek and Roman history and religion during his tenure at Holy Cross. He is the author of A Thucydides Reader and A Herodotus Reader, both published as intermediate Greek readers with commentary and grammatical aids.

Remigio Nannini (1518-1580), Dominican friar, translator, poet, and humanist. Nannini entered the Dominican Order at Santa Maria Novella around 1575 and held the title magister theologiae by 1553 after studies in Florence and Padua. In 1547 he published Rime, a volume of Petrarchan verse, and by 1556 he had moved to Venice. His career there included both literary and religious works: he translated Ovid's Heroides, while his Epistole et Evangeli che si leggono tutto l’anno alla messa (1575) went through at least five editions, notable for its moral commentary aligned with Counter-Reformation piety. Nannini compiled also two major anthologies of classical and modern historical oratory: Orationi militari (1557) and Orationi in materia civile e criminale (1561), featuring translations from Greek, Latin and Italian historians like Thucydides, Xenophon, Tacitus, and Machiavelli. In 1567 he produced the first complete Italian edition of Francesco Guicciardini's Historia d’Italia. Treccani

Royal Case Nemiah (1891-1987), classical scholar and teacher. Nemiah was educated at Yale University (A.B. 1912; Ph.D. 1916) and pursued further study at the University of Göttingen between 1912 and 1914. Nemiah joined Dartmouth College in 1919, where he taught Greek for four decades, serving as Lawrence Professor of Greek from 1938 until his retirement in 1959. In addition to classical languages, he also taught German. Known for his strong ethical commitment to education, he was an early public critic of National Socialism, informed by his experience of German academic life before the First World War. DBCS

Thomas Nicolls (ca. 1523-1612), translator. Nicolls matriculated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1544, where he studied under Sir John Cheke for about three years. In 1548, he was admitted to the Goldsmiths' Company by patrimony. In 1550, Nicholls published an English translation of Thucydides. He dedicated the work to his former tutor, Sir John Cheke, and it is likely that the translation was used as a school text for Edward VI. ODBN

Edoardo Noseda (1930-2009), teacher, classical scholar, translator, and poet. In addition to Thucydides, he translated The Lives of the Caesars by Svetonius.

Florence Nouilhan (20th century-), secondary school teacher of classical letters at Lycée Rodin, Paris, specializing in Roman historiography and rhetoric. Nouilhan has contributed to the Collection des Universités de France (Les Belles Lettres), producing annotated translations of classical authors such as Livy.

Dušanka Obradović (20th century-), translator.

Christian Nathanael Osiander (1781-1855), educator and theologian. Osiander served as a professor in Stuttgart, school inspector, and later as a provost in Ulm. From 1826, he co-edited the Griechischen und röm. Dichter und Prosaiker in neuen Uebersetzungen, contributing his own translations of Cicero's speeches, Herodian, Thucydides, Virgil's Idylls and Georgics, and Xenophon's Hellenica. DB

John Jason Owen (1803-1869), classical scholar. Owen graduated from Union College, Schenectady, NY; he later became professor of Greek at The City College of New York. Owen is chiefly known for his school and college editions of Greek and Latin authors, especially Thucydides, Xenophon and Homer. His editions were intended for American students and typically included introductions, explanatory notes, and lexical aids.

Henry Owgan (1819-1885), translator and writer. Owgan studied at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1832 to 1838. He later served as headmaster of the Royal Grammar School in Banagher. A prolific translator of classical texts – among them he translated Thucydides, Demosthenes, Cicero, Sallust, Virgil, Livy, and Tacitus – he also authored three works of fiction.

José Manuel Pabón (1892-1978), classical philologist. Pabón obtained his doctorate in Philosophy and Letters from the Universidad Central Madrid in 1926 and was appointed Chair of Latin Language and Literature at the University of Salamanca in 1928. He later held the same chair at the University of Granada, and collaborated with Ramón Menéndez Pidal at the Centro de Estudios Históricos to promote classical studies in Spain. In this context, he helped found the journal Emérita, to which he contributed for many years. Following the Spanish Civil War, he was appointed provisional Chair of Greek Language at the University of Madrid (1939). He was also a founding member of the Instituto de Filología Antonio de Nebrija and served as its deputy director from 1940. From 1954 to 1962 he held the Chair of Latin Language at the University of Madrid. Moreover, Pabón authored the Diccionario manual griego‑español (1967), a reference work widely used in Spanish secondary education. Historia Hispánica

Francesco Pachecas (16th century), Portoguese classical scholar.

Fabio Paolini, or Paulinus, (1550-1604), humanist and physician. Paolini received his early education from his father, a public professor of humanities, and studied Greek under Parthenius in Venice. Originally pursuing an ecclesiastical career, he then turned to scholarship, serving from 1583 as the public reader of humanities in Venice's Santa Croce district. Following Partenius' death in 1588, Paolini took on the chair of Greek at San Marco Library. Between 1589 and 1593, Paolini's scholarship broadened to medical studies: he earned a doctorate in medicine from Bologna in 1593, later served as prior of Venice's medical college. His literary output reflects a wide-ranging intellectual engagement: it includes pedagogical treatises on the teaching of Latin and Greek, humanist education, editions and commentaries on Aristotle and Cicero, poetic translations, medical lectures and commentaries on Thucydides, Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna, and numerous Latin and Greek poems and orations. 

Sotir Papahristo (1887-1979), classical scholar, translator, and secondary school teacher. Papahristo studied at the University of Athens and held several administrative and teaching positions, including the directorship of major educational institutions in Korçë and Tirana. Besides Thucydides, he translated in Albanian works by Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

Kwang‑sun Park (20th century), translator. A graduate of the Department of History Education at Seoul National University, Park worked in editorial leadership at major Korean publishing houses such as Pomusa and Girinwon. He is known for his Korean translations of classical and historical works, including Thucydides' History and Herodotus' Histories.

Bartolomeo Partenio, or Parthenius, (ca. 1450-1492), humanist. Partenio collaborated in the early 1480s with major Trevisan printers, contributing to editions of Livy, Strabo, and Thucydides. His most notable editorial work is the 1483 Latin version of Thucydides, based on Lorenzo Valla's translation and printed by Giovanni Rosso. Around 1484, Partenio moved to Rome, where he taught rhetoric at the Studium Urbis until his death. He was closely connected with members of the Roman humanist circle around Pomponio Leto and shared their philological and antiquarian interests, including epigraphic studies.

Andrew Preston Peabody (1811-1893), clergyman and classical scholar. A precocious student, Peabody entered Harvard College at the age of twelve and graduated in 1826, being one of the youngest graduates in Harvard's history. In 1833 he became assistant pastor of the South Parish (Unitarian) in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and shortly thereafter succeeded as senior pastor, a position he held until 1860. In 1860 Peabody was appointed preacher at Harvard University and Plummer Professor of Christian Morals, a chair he held until 1881; he then became Professor Emeritus.

Pedro II of Brazil (1825-1891), second and last emperor of Brazil, reigning from 1831 to 1889. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the son of Pedro I of Brazil and Maria Leopoldina of Austria. Pedro II presided over a long period of political stability, economic growth, and cultural development in Brazil. A committed constitutional monarch and patron of the sciences and humanities, he supported the abolition of slavery and maintained a moderate, pragmatic leadership style. He was deposed in a military coup in 1889 that ended the Brazilian monarchy and led to the establishment of the republic. He died in exile in Paris. A deeply erudite figure, Pedro II had a strong command of several languages, including Latin, Greek, French, English, and German, and was an avid reader and intellectual. He translated classical texts into Portuguese, maintained correspondence with scholars and writers across Europe, and actively supported the diffusion of education, libraries, and historical research in Brazil.

Christopher Pelling (1947-), Regius Professor of Greek, Christ Church College, Oxford, from 2003 to 2015, then Emeritus. Pelling was President of the Hellenic Society from 2006 to 2008, and Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) since 2009. He is specialized in ancient historiography and biography. BritAc

Nicolas Perrot d'Ablancourt (1606-1664), classicist and translator, member of the Académie française from 1637 to 1664. In addition to Thucydides, he translated Julius Caesar, Cicero, Homer, Lucian of Samosata, and Plutarch. His translation of Thucydides was authoritative in France for a long time, although it was considered not very faithful to the Greek text. CERL

Amedeo Angelo Maria Curto Peyron (1785-1870), classical philologist, orientalist, and priest. Peyron was Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Turin from 1815. In 1848, he became a Senator of the Kingdom of Sardinia and held various positions in the fields of education and cultural heritage. He was a member of the Accademia della Crusca, director of the University Library, and rector of the University of Turin (1826-1829). He also served as a member of the Magistrato della Riforma (1844), the Higher Council of Public Education, and the Commission for Antiquities and Fine Arts (1848). Open to Germanic philological influences, his work contributed to the renewal and modernization of classical studies in Turin. Treccani

Gianluigi Piazza (20th century), classicist. Piazza edited translations with commentary of numerous classical authors, including Euripides, Plato, Terence, and Tacitus.

E. Pierre (19th century) ecclesiastical scholar, editor of classical texts, and professor at the Institute Saint-Étienne, Châlons.

Alexandre Pillon (1792-1876), scholar, librarian, and writer. Pillon worked at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, where he advanced through the ranks in the department of printed books. He published literary pieces such as Les contes noirs (1869), and contributed writings on the history and ancient literatures, often in periodicals or institutional publications associated with the Bibliothèque nationale.

Willibald Pirckheimer (1470-1530), humanist, jurist, and statesman. Educated in Padua and Pavia, Pirckheimer mastered Greek and law, acquiring an encyclopedic knowledge that shaped his career in both civic governance and classical scholarship. A close associate of Emperor Maximilian I and later Charles V, he served for decades on Nuremberg's Inner Council and led diplomatic missions to imperial diets. He was also a commander in the Swabian War and authored a Latin memoir, De Bello Helvetico. Deeply embedded in the Nuremberg humanist circle, Pirckheimer maintained friendships with leading figures such as Conrad Celtis, Hartmann Schedel, and especially Albrecht Dürer. He promoted the study of Greek literature and Christian antiquity through translations and editorial work. Though sympathetic to Luther, he remained Catholic, advocating for moderation and religious tolerance. His motto – Nec Lutheranus neque Eckianus, sed Christianus sum ("Neither Lutheran nor Eckian, but Christian") – epitomized his humanist theology. DB

Francis Gifford Plaistowe (ca. 1868-1943), classical scholar. Educated at Cambridge, where he was elected Fellow and Librarian of Queens' College. For The University Tutorial Series – a late 19th- and early 20th-century educational collection aimed at preparing students for university examinations – Plaistowe co-edited and translated works by Thucydides, Homer, Aristophanes, Sophocles, Cicero, Vergil, Ovid, Livy, and Horace.

Filippo Maria Pontani (1913-1983), classical philologist, translator, and Byzantinist. Pontani taught Greek and Latin in secondary schools before entering academia and later became Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine Philology at the University of Padua. Through his translations, he played a key role in introducing contemporary Greek poets – such as Seferis, Kavafis, and Ritsos – to Italian readers. He also founded the Institute of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies at Padua. Treccani

Ernst Friedrich Poppo (1794-1866), classical philologist and schoolmaster, director of the Gymnasium in Frankfurt an der Oder, best known for his comprehensive critical edition of Thucydides. Poppo studied theology and philology at Leipzig under the influence of Gottfried Hermann and Daniel Beck. His early Observationes criticae in Thucydidem (1815) laid the groundwork for a new methodological approach to Thucydides, emphasizing systematic manuscript collation, grammatical precision, and editorial rigor. Appointed director of the Frankfurt Gymnasium in 1818, Poppo oversaw its transformation into a leading center for classical education, modeled on the Saxon Landesschulen. He encouraged an expansive curriculum that included, among other subjects, optional English instruction, which he taught himself. He collaborated with figures such as Leopold Ranke and promoted a philological pedagogy grounded in scholarly discipline. Between 1821 and 1840, he published a comprehensive edition of Thucydides in four parts (text, commentary, prolegomena, indices), followed by a revised school edition (1843-1851). His work, which continued until his death and included lexicographical supplements, had a lasting impact on the modern reception of Thucydides both in Germany and abroad. DB

Emilio Porto (ca. 1550-1616), late Renaissance humanist and translator. He received a humanist education under his father's guidance. Porto taught classical languages in Geneva (1569-1581) and later held a professorship at the Academy of Lausanne (1581-1592), from which he was dismissed. He relocated with his family to Frankenthal and subsequently to Heidelberg, where he enrolled at the university in 1593. He earned a Magister degree in 1596 and was appointed Professor of Greek and rhetoric, holding various academic posts until his resignation in 1609. After leaving Heidelberg, Porto taught in Kassel and later at the academic Gymnasium in Stadthagen. He published Latin translations and scholarly editions of classical authors including Thucydides (1594), Xenophon (1595), Euripides (1597), and Aristophanes (1607). He also translated works by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Proclus, and Homer, and compiled the Dictionarium Jonicum Graeco-Latinum (1603), a lexicon on Herodotus' Ionic Greek. His Latin translation of Proclus' Theologia Platonica appeared posthumously in 1618, followed by his translation of the Suda in 1619. DB

Francesco Porto (1511-1581), humanist. After studying in the Peloponnese under Arsenios Apostolis, bishop of Monemvasia, Porto moved to Venice in 1527 and later taught Greek in Padua and at the Scuola dei Greci in Venice. He spent much of his career in Italy, notably in Modena (from 1536), where he became involved in the Accademia, a circle of scholars interested in both philology and Protestant ideas. His reformist leanings led to conflict with church authorities, particularly with Bishop Giovanni Morone. In 1545 he was appointed Professor of Greek eloquence and poetry at the University of Ferrara, where he also served as tutor to the daughters of Duchess Renata of France. After the dissolution of the Protestant circle around Renata in 1554, he was forced to flee Ferrara and live under an assumed name in Venice. Arrested and tried by the Inquisition in 1558, he was sentenced to penance and restricted movement after abjuring his views. In 1559, Porto fled to Geneva, where he was appointed Professor of Greek at the city's Academy by John Calvin. Despite financial hardship, he remained in Geneva for the rest of his life, becoming a naturalized citizen and a respected teacher. He edited and commented on numerous classical texts – Sophocles, Aeschylus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Homer. Treccani

John Enoch Powell (1912-1998), politician, classical scholar, and poet. At the age of just twenty-five, Powell was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney (1938). With the outbreak of World War II, he returned to England and enlisted in the army as a private, eventually rising to the rank of brigadier. He played a strategic role in the North African campaign and later served in India. After the war, Powell entered politics with the Conservative Party, serving as MP from 1950 to 1974, and later with the Ulster Unionist Party until 1987. He was Minister of Health from 1960 to 1963 under Harold Macmillan. He became particularly well known for his strong opposition to immigration from former British colonies. In his most famous speech – the so-called Rivers of Blood Speech – he warned of a future marked by racial tension and urban unrest in Britain, echoing the turmoil then unfolding in the United States. He also authored a Lexicon to Herodotus and translated Herodotus in the English of King James Bible. ODBN

Francesco Predari (1809-1870), encyclopedist and librarian. Predari worked as a librarian at the Brera Library and moved to Turin in 1844, where he founded and directed the monthly journal L'Antologia Italiana (1846-1848). He compiled several dictionaries and encyclopedic works, wrote historical and ethnographic studies, and engaged in philosophical research. Treccani

John Arthur Prout (19th century), translator. Prout contributed to the Kelly’s Keys to the Classics series – a popular educational series designed to support students in reading classical texts –,  for which he translated a wide range of classical authors, including Thucydides, Herodotus, Xenophon, Aristophanes, Demosthenes, Euripides, Plato, Sophocles, and Lucian.

Wilhelm Pökel (1819-1897), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Pökel studied Classical Philology at the University of Berlin and earned his doctorate in absentia from the University of Tübingen. He began his teaching career in Stargard, later moving to Prenzlau, where he served as teacher, collaborator, and eventually senior teacher (Oberlehrer) until his retirement in 1884. Pökel has published the Philologisches Schriftstellerlexikon (1882), cataloguing the writings of approximately 3,000 modern philologists. He also published explanatory notes on Aristophanes and Homer's Odyssey. He played a key role in preserving the scholarly legacy of his father-in-law, Karl Wilhelm Krüger, editing revised editions of Krüger's schoolbooks and publishing a biographical account of his life. Teuchos

Graziano Ranocchia (1974-), Professor of Papyrology at the University of Pisa. His research focuses on textual criticism and the history of ancient philosophy, particularly Stoicism and Epicureanism.

Otto Regenbogen (1891-1966), classical philologist and a leading proponent of the Dritten Humanismus, a German intellectual movement in the early 20th century that sought to revive classical Greek and Roman ideals as a cultural and moral foundation for modern society. From 1925, Regenbogen served as Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Heidelberg. In 1935, he was forcibly suspended by the Nazi regime for failing to promptly report his wife's Jewish ancestry. After World War II, he played an active role in rebuilding the university and resumed his professorship. Regenbogen's research focused on ancient science and medicine, Lucretius, Senecan tragedy, Aeschylus, Homer, and Plato. DB

Johann Jakob Reiske (1716-1774), classical scholar, Arabist, and Byzantinist. Reiske obtained a doctorate in Medicine in 1746 with a dissertation on Arabic medicine (Miscellaneae aliquot observationes medicae ex Arabum monumentis). However, he did not wish to pursue a medical career after returning to Leipzig in 1746, and instead focused on philological work. In 1748, he was appointed Professor of Arabic at Leipzig. In 1758, he became the rector of the Leipzig Nikolaischule. DB

Peter John Rhodes (1940-2021), Professor of Ancient History at the University of Durham (1983-2005) and Emeritus Professor since then. Rhodes specialized in political institutions, history of classical Athens and ancient Greek politics. From 2014 to 2015, he served as president of the Classical Association. He was also Fellow of the Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, an honorary member of the Greek Epigraphic Society and Fellow of the British Academy. BritAc

Anton Richter (1797-1827), classical philologist, printer. Richter devoted his brief but productive career to the study and publication of Latin and Greek literature. He published a critical edition of Ovid's works, including the Fasti, Metamorphoses, and Tristia. DB

Ernst Rieger, or Rhegius, (1526-1568), Professor of Greek and Ethics at the Academy in Strasbourg. Son of Urban Rieger (1489-1541), a poet and Protestant reformer active in promoting Lutheran unity, from whom he inherited several writings.

Werner Rinner (20th century), classical philologist and translator.

Pietro Risi (1831-1896), teacher of Greek and Latin at the Regio Liceo of San Remo, the Liceo of Alessandria, and finally the Liceo Classico Guicciardini in Siena. Risi edited other works for the teaching of Greek and Latin, including a commentary on the twelfth book of the Aeneid.

Francisco Rodríguez Adrados (1922-2020), classical philologist. Rodríguez Adrados earned his degree in Classical Philology from the University of Salamanca in 1944 and completed his doctorate in 1946 at the University of Madrid. He served as Professor of Greek at the Instituto Cardenal Cisneros (Madrid, 1949), the University of Barcelona (1951), and the Complutense University of Madrid (from 1952 until becoming Emeritus). He directed the Diccionario Griego‑Español and edited several key journals and series. His numerous publications covered Greek literature, historical linguistics, and the history of ideas. He was member of the Real Academia Española and the Real Academia de la Historia.

Robert Kedington Rodwell (19th century), translator.

Jacques François Roget (1787-1849), jurist, colonial administrator, and politician. Trained in law, Roget worked at the Cour de cassation and was active in Freemasonry before travelling to Senegal in 1819, where he served as public prosecutor and later as governor (1821-1827). During his governorship he sought to promote agriculture and regulate trade following the abolition of the slave trade, though with limited lasting success. Returning to France, he was created a baron in 1824 and, after the July Revolution, pursued a political career as a deputy and later as a member of the Constituent Assembly elected by universal suffrage in 1848. Roger was also active in the Société de Géographie and was a co-founder of the French Society for the Abolition of Slavery. His scholarly and literary works include a grammar of Wolof, a novel set in Senegal, and a collection of Senegalese fables in verse.

Francisco Romero Cruz (1945-1999), classical philologist. Romero Cruz earned his degree in Classical Philology in 1967 and completed his doctorate in 1973 with a dissertation on the representation of nature in late Greek literature. He taught Greek Philology at the University of Salamanca, engaging in research on Greek prose and historiography.

Jacqueline de Romilly, née David (1913-2010), classical philologist, historian. Romilly studied at the École normale supérieure and earned her doctorate with a thesis on Thucydides. Professor first at the University of Lille and then at the Sorbonne, she became the first woman to teach at the Collège de France (1973) and the second woman elected to the Académie française (1988). Her scholarly work focused on Greek historiography, tragedy, and political thought, particularly Thucydides. Among her major works are Thucydide et l’impérialisme athénien (1947) and La Construction de la vérité chez Thucydide (1990). She also published widely on Aeschylus and Herodotus. Collège de France

James Romm (1951-), classical scholar and historian, Professor of Classics at Bard College. Romm received his Ph.D. in Classics from Princeton University. His scholarship focuses particularly on Greek historiography, Alexander the Great, and the early Hellenistic world.

Pietro Rosa (1964-), classicist and teacher at Liceo Classico Minghetti in Bologna. Rosa has worked on Greek comedy, tragedy, and historiography, as well as on ancient medicine and Greek patristics.

Raul Miguel Rosado Fernandes (1934‑2018), classical philologist and politician, Professor at the University of Lisbon. Rosado Fernandes graduated in Classical Philology from the University of Lisbon in 1956 and earned his doctorate in 1962. He became Full Professor in 1979 and served as Rector of the University from 1979 to 1982. After that, he was reappointed Professor of Greek Language and Literature until his retirement in 2004. Beyond his academic work, he was politically active: a Member of the European Parliament for the CDS‑PP (1995‑1999), and later a deputy in Portugal's national parliament. He also played a major role in the agricultural sector, founding the Confederation of Portuguese Farmers (CAP) in 1974 and serving as its president from 1984 to 1996.

Livio Rossetti (1938-), Professor of History of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Perugia, founder of the International Plato Society in 1989, and honorary president of the IAPS (International Association for Presocratic Studies) since 2018. His work has focused primarily on Presocratic philosophy.

William Henry Denham Rouse (1863-1950), classical scholar and educational reformer. Rouse was educated at Haverfordwest Grammar School, Doveton College in Calcutta, Regent's Park College, and Christ's College, Cambridge. He became headmaster of the Perse School, Cambridge, in 1902, a post he held until 1928. He is known for introducing progressive reforms in classical education, applying a direct-method approach to the teaching of Latin and Greek, inspired by contemporary innovations in modern language instruction. He also collaborated with R. S. Conway and Peter Giles on translations of Karl Brugmann's Indo-European Grammar, and produced translations and editions of Sanskrit, Pali, and Greek texts, including The Jataka, Greek tragedy, Plato, Pindar, and Nonnus. Rouse was editor of the Loeb Classical Library from its foundation in 1911 and co-edited Classical Review (1911-1920). ODNB

Denis Roussel (1923-1989), historian and translator, Professor of Ancient History at Paul Valéry University - Montpellier III. Roussel published translations of Greek texts, notably Thucydides, Xenophon, and Polybius. His own monographs include Les Historiens grecs (1973), a concise overview of Greek historiography (Herodotus, Thucydides, Polybius), and Tribu et cité (1976), a study on social groups in Greek cities during the Archaic and Classical periods.

Jeffrey Stuart Rusten (1950-), classical scholar, Professor Emeritus of Classics at Cornell University. Rusten received his B.A. from the University of Minnesota and his Ph.D. from Harvard University, with further study at the University of Cologne. His research focuses on Greek literature and historiography, particularly classical Athens, ancient historians, and the cultural landscape of the Roman Empire. In addition, he has published widely on Thucydides, Aristophanes, and Greek comedy.

William Gunion Rutherford (1853-1907), classical scholar and schoolmaster. Rutherford was educated at Glasgow High School and the University of St Andrews, where he studied under Lewis Campbell. In 1873 he entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1876. In 1883 he was elected fellow of University College, Oxford, but instead became headmaster of Westminster School, a post he held from 1883 to 1901. He also took holy orders upon assuming the headship. Rutherford published several works on Greek grammar and literature, including The New Phrynichus (1881), editions of Thucydides Book 4 (1889), and Herondas (1892). Later works included his edition of the scholia to Aristophanes (1896-1905) and a critical volume, A Chapter in the History of Annotation (1905), exploring glosses and interlinear commentary in ancient texts. He also undertook a personal translation of Pauline epistles, publishing a version of Romans (1900) and working on the Corinthian and Thessalonian letters until his death. ODBN

Marco Antonio Coccio Sabellico (1436-1506), historian and humanist. Sabellico received his education in Rome and later taught in Verona and Udine. Active in the humanist circles of both Rome and the Veneto, he distinguished himself as a philologist and historian. In 1487, he was appointed official historian of the Republic of Venice, a position he held until his death. In this capacity, Sabellico composed the Historiae rerum venetarum ab urbe condita, a Latin chronicle of Venetian history from its legendary founding to his own time. Sabellico also authored erudite treatises, annotated editions of classical texts, and antiquarian and moral works, including the De Venetae urbis situ and the Enneades sive Rhapsodia historiarum. His writings reflect a strong classical orientation and a keen interest in the political and cultural structures of Venice, which he portrayed as a new Rome. Treccani

Stefania Santelia (1960-), classical philologist, Professor of Latin Language and Literature and of Late Antique Latin Literature at the University of Bari. Her research spans a wide range of topics in both Greek and Roman literature. In Greek studies, Santelia has focused on mime literature and historiography. In Latin literature, her work centers on Late Antiquity, with particular attention to style, compositional techniques, the relationship between the Roman elite and the barbarian world, the transmission and circulation of texts, and the reuse of classical traditions.

Alessandro Sardi (1520-1588), antiquarian and diplomat. Sardi authored the Libri cinque della Historia Estense, dedicated to Duke Alfonso II d'Este. He was deeply engaged in antiquarian studies – examining legal practices, cultural rites, and classical literature – making him a central figure in Ferrara's humanist scholarship. His works largely remain unpublished, with many manuscripts still unedited and dormant in archives. Treccani/)

Josip Sarkotić (1860-1919), secondary school teacher, Director of the Gymnasium in Požega.

Ezio Savino (1949-2014), classical scholar, teacher, translator and writer. In addition to Thucydides, Savino translated Aeschilus, Aristophanes, Plato, Sappho, Alcaeus, Anacreon, and Archilochus. He also authored several school textbooks.

Wolfgang Otto Bernhard Schadewaldt (1900-1974), classical philologist and translator. Schadewaldt studied at the University of Berlin and became Professor of Classical Philology at Königsberg in 1928, moving the following year to Freiburg (1929-1934), Leipzig (1934-1941), Berlin (1941-1950) and, finally, Tübingen (1950-1968). Throughout his long and prolific career, he published several books, including Die Geschichtsschreibung des Thukydides (1929). Besides Thucydides, he also translated Homer. BDCS

Gottfried Heinrich Schäfer (1764-1840), classical scholar and translator. Initially trained in theology, law, and medicine at the University of Leipzig, Schäfer later devoted himself to philology. After obtaining his habilitation in 1806, he was appointed Associate Professor at Leipzig in 1808 through the support of Gottfried Hermann, though he ultimately preferred a non-teaching role and served as university librarian from 1818 to 1833. Schäfer was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. His works includes translations of scientific and legal texts, as well as critical editions of classical authors such as Pliny the Younger, Catullus, Propertius, Thucydides, Demosthenes, Plutarch, and Apollonius of Rhodes. He also contributed to the revised edition of the Thesaurus linguae Graecae.

Richard Schlatter (1912-1987), historian, specialized in early modern English history and political thought. Schlatter taught at Rutgers University. His research focused particularly on seventeenth-century England, including questions of political authority, property, and intellectual history. 

Mauriz Schuster (1879-1952), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Schuster received his doctorate in 1903 from the University of Vienna and worked for many years as a Gymnasiallehrer in various Austrian cities. He habilitated at the University of Vienna in 1930 and subsequently lectured there as a Privatdozent and later as an associate professor. Schuster's research focused primarily on Latin literature, especially the poets Catullus, Propertius, and Tibullus, as well as Pliny the Younger. He contributed numerous entries to Pauly's Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft and collaborated on the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. In addition to classical philology, Schuster also produced work on the Viennese dialect, including a dictionary of older Viennese expressions. DB

Maximiliaan August Schwartz (1884-1973), classical scholar and translator, known for translations of major Greek and Latin authors, including Homer, Vergil, Plato, Thucydides, and Apuleius. Born in Doetinchem to Dr. Carl Schwartz, rector of the local gymnasium, Schwartz studied at Leiden University and taught at several Dutch gymnasia, later serving as rector at Assen and Nijmegen. He earned his doctorate in 1917 and continued teaching after retirement, including a year at the Catholic University of Nijmegen. His translations, published mainly post-retirement, were widely reprinted and remain influential.

Alfred Schöne (1836-1918), classical philologist and writer. Schöne studied Classical Philology at the University of Leipzig, where he was appointed Associate Professor in 1867. In 1870, he became Full Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Erlangen. After holding a temporary position in Ancient History, he conducted extended research in Paris, Gotha, and Italy (1874-1877) on behalf of the Prussian Ministry of Education. In 1884, he became librarian at the University of Göttingen and was appointed Professor in Königsberg in 1887. From 1892 to 1902, he taught at the University of Kiel. Schöne's scholarly output covered a wide range of classical subjects, including critical editions and studies on Thucydides, Sappho, and Eusebius. He also published a novella, Der blaue Schleier, under the pseudonym of A. Roland. DB

Joachim Dietrich Gottfried Seebode (1792-1868), philologist, secondary school teacher, and librarian. Seebode studied philology in Halle, Berlin, and Göttingen, where he briefly taught before embarking on a long career in secondary education. He served as director of gymnasiums in Hildesheim, Coburg, and Gotha, and later as educational adviser to the Duchy of Nassau. From 1851 to 1867, he was librarian of the public library in Wiesbaden. Seebode is known for his editions of Thucydides and Latin authors, and especially for co-editing the journal Archiv für Philologie und Pädagogik, which laid the foundation for the influential Jahn’sche Jahrbücher. DB

Bandana Sengupta (20th century), translator.

Claude de Seyssel (ca. 1450-1520), bishop of Marseille and later Archbishop of Turin. Seyssel was a jurist and the first translator into French of numerous classics, including Appian, Thucydides, and Eusebius. In 1512, he presented King Louis XII of France with his handwritten translation of Thucydides, which was printed fifteen years later. Treccani

Piero Sgroi (20th century), translator of classical authors, including Herodotus and Thucydides.

Cynthia Wright Shelmerdine (20th-21st centuries), classical scholar and archaeologist. Shelmerdine is Robert M. Armstrong Centennial Professor of Classics Emerita at the University of Texas at Austin, where she taught from 1977 until her retirement in 2008. She received her education in classics at Bryn Mawr College (A.B. 1970) and the University of Cambridge (B.A. 1972, M.A. 1980) before completing her Ph.D. in Classical Philology at Harvard University in 1977. Her scholarly work centers on Mycenaean material culture and administrative practices, with a special emphasis on ceramic analysis and Linear B inscriptions.

Richard Shilleto (1809-1876), classical scholar, translator, college lecturer at Trinity and at King's Colleges, Cambridge. ODBN

Yoshikazu Shiroe (1957-), classical scholar, lecturer in the Department of Language and Cultural Studies at Shitennoji University. Previously, Shiroe served as a lecturer in the Department of Western Classical Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University. He published a translation of Thucydides as well as several works on Homeric epic.

Agostino Silvani (20th century), teacher of Latin and Greek at the Liceo Beccaria in Milan and author of several school textbooks.

John Millington Sing (19th-20th centuries), classical scholar. Sing was Assistant Master at St Edward's school, Oxford, and Late Scholar of Christ's College, Cambridge.

Anagnóstis G. Skalides (1822-1901), scholar, translator, and educator. Besides Thucydides, he translated Herodotus' Histories into modern Greek.

Nikos M. Skouteropoulos (1938-2024), Professor of History of Philosophy at the University of Athens and translator. Skouteropoulos studied classical philology and philosophy at Athens, Göttingen, and Tübingen. He translated Plato's Republic (Athens, 2002), and philosophical works by authors such as Goethe, Schopenhauer, Maximilian Braun, and Husserl. He also worked on translation theory.

Charles Forster Smith (1852-1931), classical philologist, Professor of Latin and Greek at Williams College (1881), Professor of Modern Foreign Languages and Greek at Vanderbilt University, and from 1894 Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Smith was member of the American Philological Association, and president of the Association in 1902-1903. DBCS

William Smith (1711-1787), classical scholar, translator, and Anglican cleric, educated at Worcester Grammar School and New College, Oxford. Early in his career, Smith became associated with the 10th Earl of Derby, who granted him the rectory of Holy Trinity in Chester (1735). His reputation as a classicist was established with Longinus de Sublimitate (1739), a widely appreciated English translation. Fluent in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, he served as chaplain to the 11th Earl of Derby and briefly held the post of headmaster at Brentwood Grammar School (1748), which he soon resigned. Smith's major scholarly work was his English translation of Thucydides, which was followed by Xenophon's Hellenica (1770). He held various ecclesiastical offices in Chester and Liverpool, culminating in his appointment as Dean of Chester (1758). After his death, his friend Thomas Crane published a posthumous volume of his Poetic Works (1788), which included minor verse and a paraphrase of John Donne. ODBN

Jean Édouard Albert Sommer (1822-1866), classical philologist. Sommer studied letters in Paris and obtained the agrégation de lettres in 1846, followed by a doctoral degree in 1847. He was active primarily as a school editor and commentator of Greek and Latin texts, especially within the pedagogical series published by Hachette in Paris. His work includes annotated editions of Greek authors – among them Thucydides, Pindar, and Plutarch. In addition to his editorial activity, he authored grammatical and didactic works for the teaching of classical languages.

Johann Matthias Stahl (1833-1916), classical philologist, secondary school teacher. Stahl studied classical philology at the University of Bonn, where he received his doctorate in 1856 with a dissertation on Euripides. After teaching at several Gymnasien in the Rhineland, he was appointed in 1874 as Professor of Greek Language and Literature at the Theological and Pedagogical Academy of Münster, a position he held until his retirement in 1906. Stahl's scholarly reputation rests primarily on his close engagement with the language of Thucydides, culminating in his edition of the History and a monograph on Thucydidean syntax (Quaestiones grammaticae ad Thucydidem pertinentes, 1886). DB

Heinrich Stein (1828-1917), classical philologist and seconday school teacher. Stein served as a school director (Direktor) and produced a series of philological works designed for advanced study, including the multi‑volume Herodotos, published by Weidmann in the 1850s-1890s. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd10409818X.html#index

Julius Steup (1847-1925), classical philologist and librarian. Steup studied Classical Philology at the Universities of Göttingen and Bonn, earning his doctorate in 1868 with a dissertation on Thucydides. After working as a secondary school teacher, he joined the University Library in Jena in 1870 and became director of the University Library in Freiburg in 1872, a position he held until 1912. He was also appointed honorary professor at the University of Freiburg. As a librarian, he modernized the library's catalogues and oversaw the construction of a new library building. As a philologist, he is best known for his scholarly edition of Thucydides, published in continuation of Johannes Classen's work. [DB](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfzS19816.html#index https://archive.org/details/BiogJb1925/page/n103/mode/2up?view=theater)

Ferdinand Stiebitz (1894-1961), classical philologist. During the First World War Stiebitz served in the Austro-Hungarian army and was wounded on the Eastern Front. After the war and his university studies, he taught at gymnasia in Královské Vinohrady (1920-1922) and Košice (1922-1924), before moving to Brno. From 1936 until his death he taught at the Faculty of Arts of Masaryk University in Brno, becoming Professor in 1945 and serving as Dean in 1947-1948. A prolific translator, Stiebitz produced Czech versions of early Greek poetry, Aristophanes, selected Greek tragedies, Ovid, Petronius, Plutarch, Minucius Felix, and Apuleius. His translation of Pericles' Funeral Oration was recited in the months immediately following the end of the Second World War at the Czech National Theatre, during a memorial for the victims of Nazi persecution.

Jakob Stizler (1851-1927), classical philologist and secondary school teacher. Stizler began his teaching career at the Gymnasium in Tauberbischofsheim and later served as the director of the Friedrich-Gymnasium in Freiburg im Breisgau from 1904 to 1917. His academic work focused on early Greek poetry and literature. He published several critical editions and studies, particularly on Theognis and Solon. He also authored a history of Greek literature (Abriss der griechischen Litteraturgeschichte, 1890), designed for student self-instruction, which was reissued in later editions. He was recognized for his educational and scholarly contributions with several honors, including the Order of the Zähringer Lion, 2nd Class (1896), and later the 1st Class with oak leaves (1906).

Jean-François Stiévenart (1794-1860), Professor of Greek literature at the Faculties of Letters in Strasbourg and Dijon. Stiévenart was a corresponding member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. He translated Demosthenes, Theophrastus, Horace, and worked extensively on Greek oratory.

Joseph Frankland Stout (1867-1932), classical scholar. Educated at Cambridge, where he was tutor for many years. For The University Tutorial Series – a late 19th- and early 20th-century educational collection aimed at preparing students for university examinations – Stout translated works by Thucydides, Herodotus, Euripides, Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus.

Gisela Strasburger, born Pfleiderer (1929-2014), classical philologist. In addition to her work on Thucydides, Strasburger produced a translation of Xenophon's Hellenica. DB

Robert Strassler (1937-), book editor, classical scholar, best known for his work on the Landmark Ancient Histories series, in which he edited translations of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon.

Georgij Andreevich Stratanovskij (1901-1986), classical philologist and translator. Educated at Leningrad State University, where he later taught, Stratanovskij worked primarily on Greek historiography and prose authors. Besides Thucydides, he also produced Russian translations of Strabo's Geography (1964), Herodotus' Histories (1972), and Theophrastus' Characters (1974).

Francesco di Soldo Strozzi (16th century), humanist and translator of Thucydides and Xenophon.

Davide Susanetti (1966-), Professor of Greek Literature at the University of Padua. His research focuses primarily on Greek tragedy, Plato, and esoteric and symbolic thought.

George Frederic Holley Sykes (ca. 1829-1910), classical scholar. Sykes authored several educational texts, including grammars of English and Latin, as well as translations of classical authors such as Thucydides and Euripides.

Eugène Talbot (1814-1894), classical scholar, translator. Talbot earned a doctorate in letters in Paris in 1850. He taught rhetoric at the Lycée Condorcet (formerly Lycée Fontanes) and later held a position at Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Talbot was a prolific author of educational works, including manuals and abridged histories of Greek and Latin literature. He also produced critical editions and French translations of classical authors, notably Xenophon and Terence, and in 1868 edited Cicero's De Republica. In 1891, he was elected president of the Société des études historiques.

Martha Taylor (ca. 1960-), Professor of Classics at Loyola University Maryland, specialized in History of classical Athens. She also authored Thucydides, Pericles, and the Idea of Athens in the Peloponnesian War (2009).

Stjepan Telar (1885-1965), secondary school teacher. Telar studied Classical Philology at the University of Zagreb, then he enrolled in 1904 and graduated in 1908. He pursued a career as a secondary school teacher of Greek and Latin which lasted until his retirement in 1944.

The J.A.C.T. Greek Course, aimed at beginning students in the upper school, at university and in adult education, was produced by a Project Team (Peter Jones, Keith  Sidwell, Frances Corrie) working full-time at Hughes Hall, Cambridge between 1974 and 1978.

Juan José Torres Esbarranch (20th century-), classical scholar and translator. In addition to Thucydides, he translated Diodorus Siculus, Herodian, and Cassius Dio – these translations were published as part of the Biblioteca Clásica Gredos, a Spanish series founded in 1977 that presents Spanish versions of Greco‑Roman Classics accompanied by scholarly introductions, explanatory notes, and indices.

Roberto Torretti (1930-2022), philosopher and historian of science. Torretti taught Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Chile in Valparaíso, served as a translator for the United Nations, and later held academic positions at the Universidad de Concepción and Universidad de Chile, where he founded and directed the Center for Humanistic Studies. In 1970, he joined the University of Puerto Rico as Professor of Philosophy and Editor of Diálogos journal, remaining there for over two decades. His research focused on Kant, the philosophy of geometry, and the foundations of physics. Torretti received Chile's National Prize for the Humanities and Social Sciences in 2011 and was a member of the International Institute of Philosophy and the International Academy of Philosophy of Science.

Jacques Toussain (1498-1547), humanist. Born in Troyes into the Toussain de Beaumont family – later associated with the Huguenot exile – Toussain was a student of the renowned humanist Guillaume Budé. In 1530, he was appointed professor of Greek at the newly founded Collège Royal in Paris (later the Collège de France). Toussain's scholarly work focused on Greek philology and lexicography.

Thomas George Tucker (1859-1946), classical scholar. Educated at St John's College, Cambridge, Tucker became founding Professor of Classics and English at Auckland University College in 1883. In 1885, he was appointed Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Melbourne, where he played a prominent role in academic and public life until his retirement in 1919. A prolific author, Tucker published editions of Aeschylus and works on Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, and Aristophanes, as well as studies on ancient culture, language, and English literature. His contributions extended beyond scholarship, shaping intellectual discourse in Australia through his public lectures and editorial work. In 1920, he was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (C.M.G.). ABD

Romuald Turasiewicz (1930-2005), classical philologist specializing in Greek rhetoric and ancient political thought. Turasiewicz held academic positions at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków from 1976 and at the University of Silesia from 1997 to 2002. In 1990, he was elected a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU). Turasiewicz authored studies and commentaries on Thucydides, Herodotus, and Xenophon, as well as critical editions of works by Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

Pedro de Valencia (1555-1620), humanist. Educated in Latin and the liberal arts in Córdoba and later at the University of Salamanca, Pedro studied Greek under Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas and biblical Hermeneutics under Benito Arias Montano. Appointed Royal Chronicler to Philip III in 1607, he was also a teacher of rhetoric and humanities in Zafra. His major published work is the philosophical treatise Academica sive de iudicio erga verum (Antwerp, 1596), exploring epistemology in the Ciceronian and Academic tradition. He also produced translations from Greek into Latin – such as Theophrastus' De igne and Epiphanius' De lapidibus – and from Greek to Spanish, including works by Dio Chrysostom, Epictetus, and Demosthenes. Treccani

Lorenzo Valla (ca. 1407-1457), humanist and philologist, educated in Rome, best known for proving the Donation of Constantine to be a forgery. Valla worked for various rulers, including Alfonso V of Aragon, before joining the Papal Curia under Pope Nicholas V, who commissioned him to translate Thucydides and Herodotus. His works, such as Elegantiae linguae Latinae, greatly influenced Renaissance humanism. Valla's emphasis on historical and linguistic analysis laid the foundation for modern philology. Treccani

Jan van Ophuijsen (1953-), classical philologist and historian of philosophy. van Ophuijsen studied Classical Philology at Leiden University, where he completed his doctoral dissertation on the ancient grammarian Hephaistion in 1987. He held academic positions at the Catholic University of America and the American University of Beirut, and later served as an extraordinary professor of ancient philosophy at Utrecht University. His research focuses on early Platonism and ancient commentaries on Aristotle.

Patricia Varona Codeso (1973-), classical philologist, Professor of Classical Philology at the Universidad de Valladolid. Varona Codeso earned her Ph.D. in Classical Philology and History from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid in 2006 with a dissertation on the compositional methods of tenth-century Byzantine historiography. Her research addresses key issues in Byzantine historiography, medieval Greek chronography, and legal terminology.

Eleutherios Venizelos (1864-1936), statesman. Born in Crete, then under Ottoman rule, Venizelos was educated in law and became involved in the Cretan struggle for political union with Greece. He rose to national prominence in the early twentieth century as leader of the Liberal Party and served multiple terms as Prime Minister of Greece. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Venizelos represented Greece in diplomatic negotiations aimed at expanding Greek influence in Asia Minor, though the subsequent Greco-Turkish War ended in military defeat for Greece. Despite political setbacks, he remained a dominant figure in Greek public life throughout the interwar period. Venizelos was also known for his interest in classical culture and supported the translation and dissemination of ancient Greek historical works. He died in exile in Paris.

Jobus Veratius (?-1571), Genoan classical scholar.

Josef Veverka (1863-1948), classical scholar and secondary school teacher. Over the course of his career, Veverka taught at several gymnasia, including those in Dvůr Králové, Chrudim, Rychnov nad Kněžnou, and Královské Vinohrady.

Giovanni Viansino (20th-21st centuries), classical scholar, Professor of Latin Literature at the University of Salerno. Viansino's scholarly work spans both Greek and Latin texts, and includes critical editions and translations of authors ranging from the Greek epigrammatist Agathias to Latin writers such as Seneca, Lucan, and the late antique historian Ammianus Marcellinus. Viansino has also contributed theoretical reflections on classical literary studies and has examined key historical dialogues, including Thucydides' account of the Melian Dialogue.

Giovanni Viviani (18th-19th centuries), abbot and translator. In addition to Thucydides, he translated Xenophon and Cassius Dio's Roman History.

Angelos Vlachos (1915-2003), writer, translator, and diplomat. Born in Alexandria, Vlachos studied Law at the University of Athens. After completing his legal education, he entered the Greek diplomatic service in 1939, serving his country in various posts until his retirement in 1974. During World War II he fought at the Albanian front and, after being imprisoned by German forces in 1943, he escaped to join the Greek government in exile in Cairo. Vlachos combined his diplomatic career with a literary and scholarly output. He published several historical novels, essays, memoirs, and literary works, and he was particularly active in translating key works of ancient Greek literature for modern Greek readers. His translations include writings by Aristotle, Aeschylus, and Thucydides.

Jean Voilquin (1902-1979), Professor at the Lycée Saint-Louis, Voilquin also translated Aristotle. His translation of Thucydides earned him the Prix Langlois in 1937.

Helmuth Vretska (1935-1993), classical philologist, secondary school teacher. Vretska studied classical philology at the University of Graz and began his career as a secondary school teacher in Mürzzuschlag. He published translations of several classical authors, including Thucydides, Tacitus, and Xenophon. DB

Adolf Wahrmund (1827-1913), orientalist, educated in Classical and Oriental Philology at the University of Wien, Professor at the Kaiserlich-königliche Akademie für Orientalische Sprachen. DB

Nicolas Waquet (1978-) poet and translator. Graduated in comparative literature at the University of Paris-Sorbonne, Waquet translated works from English, German, Latin, and ancient Greek. Among his translations are works by von Clausewitz, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Orwell, Thucydides, Aristotle, and Plutarch.

Rex Warner (1905-1986), writer, teacher, and translator, Professor at the University of Connecticut for eleven years starting in 1962. Warner studied Classics at Oxford. Some of his early politically engaged works condemned fascist and Nazi regimes. Later, he focused on historical novels set in the classical world – his Imperial Caesar, published in 1960, won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for literature. During World War II, he served in the British Home Guard. From 1945 to 1947, Warner was director of the British Institute in Athens. He also translated Aeschylus, Euripides, and Plutarch. ODBN

Joseph Wasse (1672-1738), classical philologist and clergyman. Educated at Cambridge, Wasse assisted Ludolph Küster in his edition of Suidas (1705), and in 1710 published a critical edition of Sallust. ODNB

Robin Anthony Herschel Waterfield (1952-), classical scholar, writer and translator. Waterfield studied Classics at Manchester University, and pursued postgraduate research in ancient Greek philosophy at King's College, Cambridge. He taught at UK universities including Newcastle and St Andrews, and later worked in publishing as a copy‑editor and commissioning editor for Penguin Books before becoming a full‑time writer and freelance scholar. Waterfield published numerous translations of ancient Greek and Roman authors, including Plato, Aristotle, Xenophon, Herodotus, Polybius, Plutarch, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, and Thucydides. RLF

Arthur Sanders Way (1847-1930), classical scholar, writer, translator, and educator. Way earned his M.A. from the University of London and began his career teaching Classics at Queen's College, Taunton, before serving as vice-master at Kingswood School. In 1882, Way became headmaster of Wesley College in Melbourne, Australia, where he introduced natural science and commercial studies to the curriculum. He resigned in 1892 and used the remainder of his life to produce numerous translations of ancient texts and classical works. His prolific output includes translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, works by Aristophanes, Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Theocritus, and others. He also translated Latin literature such as the Epodes of Horace and Vergil's Georgics, as well as Biblical letters and medieval epics like the Nibelungenlied and Chanson de Roland. He wrote historical novels and served as president of the Melbourne Shakespeare Society and as a councillor of the Royal Society of Victoria.

Christian Wechel (1495-1554), printer. Wechel began as a journeyman for Basel printer Conrad Resch before taking over the press in 1526 and obtaining French naturalization in 1528. He excelled in printing Greek, Hebrew, and humanist works, joining figures like Simon de Colines and Robert Estienne in advancing classical typography in Paris. Committed to the Reformation, Wechel published the 1528 French version of Le Livre de vraye et parfaicte oraison, drawing on Luther's Betbüchlein. His outputs included major classical and biblical works, such as the 1531 Greek orations of Aeschines and Demosthenes, Hebrew grammars by Clenardus (1540), Guidoacerius (1537), and Caligny (1548), among others.

Raymond Weil (1923-1995), classical philologist. Weil taught Greek at various institutions, including the Sorbonne, the University of Montpellier, and the University of Dijon, before becoming Professor and later director of the Faculty of Letters at Paris-Nanterre. From 1973 to 1988, he was Professor and director of the Department of Greek at the Sorbonne. He was a member and president of the Association pour l'encouragement des études grecques, and of the Association Guillaume-Budé. He was a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur, recipient of the Médaille des évadés, a Commandeur of the Palmes académiques, and an Officier of the Order of Honour of Greece. CTHS

Heinrich Weinstock (1889-1960), educator, philologist, and translator. Weinstock earned his doctorate in 1912 with a dissertation on Plato's Phaedrus and served in World War I, later becoming headmaster of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Gymnasium in Frankfurt. Initially sympathetic to the Nazi movement, he later fell out of favor due to ideological differences, and his writings were banned in 1936. He then turned to translating classical authors such as Plato, Thucydides, Sallust, and Sophocles. After World War II, he resumed work as a school director and became Professor of Philosophy and Pedagogy at Goethe University Frankfurt. DB

Michael Weißenberger (1959-), classical philologist. Educated at the universities of Würzburg and Heidelberg, Weißenberger completed his Ph.D. in 1986 at the University of Düsseldorf, where he worked with Bernd Manuwald. In 1998 he was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Greifswald, a position he held until 2013, when he was transferred to the Heinrich Schliemann Institute of Ancient Studies at the University of Rostock. His research focuses on Greek literature up to Late Antiquity, with particular interests in Greek rhetoric and Imperial-period literature. Since 2001, he has been co-editor of the journal Lustrum.

John Williams White (1849-1917), classicist, Professor of Greek at Harvard University. Specialized in Greek theatre, White also authored several works on Xenophon. DBCS

Terry Eugene Wick (1940-), Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point (UWSP), specialized in classical history and Greek historiography.

Margaret Widdess (20th century), classical scholar, Reverend at St Botolph, Cambridge. Widdess authored a Latin Anthology for GCSE courses.

Simon Peter Widmann (1851-1934), classical philologist. Widmann earned his doctorate in 1875 from the University of Göttingen. In 1899 he became director of the Gymnasium in Wongrowitz, in 1901 of the Gymnasium in Hadamar, and in 1908 he was appointed director of the Paulinum Gymnasium in Münster. He revised and continued Gottfried Boehme's annotated edition of Thucydides. DB

Henry Musgrave Wilkins (1823-1887), classical scholar and educator. Wilkins authored numerous textbooks and anthologies aimed at students. His works often featured translations of classical texts, such as The Georgics of Vergil and Speeches from Thucydides, accompanied by annotations and commentary to aid learners. Wilkins' publications were widely used in educational settings during the 19th century.

Ferdinand Willenbücher (19th-20th centuries), classical scholar. His doctoral dissertation, Die strafrechtsphilosophischen Anschauungen Friedrichs des Grossen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der kriminalpolitischen Aufklärung im achtzehnten Jahrhundert (University of Tübingen, published by Schletter in Breslau in 1904), examined the philosophy of criminal justice associated with the policies and intellectual climate of the reign of Frederick the Great.

John B. Wilson (20th-21st centuries), classical scholar and Emeritus Professor of Classics at the University of Alberta.

Veit Winsheim, or Winsemius, (1501-1570), humanist, physician, and educator. Born as Veit Örtel, Winsheim studied at the University of Wittenberg, where he became a close pupil and collaborator of Philipp Melanchthon. Initially a teacher of rhetoric, he later held the Greek professorship at Wittenberg, eventually earning a doctorate in medicine in 1550 and teaching medicine thereafter. He maintained a lasting intellectual relationship with Melanchthon, who entrusted him with revising his Latin syntax. Winsheim translated several Greek authors into German, including Theocritus, Sophocles, and Demosthenes. He also delivered a commemorative funeral oration for Melanchthon, which remains a valuable source for the reformer's biography. DB

William John Woodhouse (1866-1937), classical scholar, Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney. Woodhouse was educated at Sedbergh School and at Queen's College, Oxford (B.A. 1889; M.A. 1895). He was appointed a Newton Student at the British School at Athens and travelled in Greece in 1890, directing excavations at Megalopolis. Later, as a Craven Fellow, he returned to Greece and worked particularly on explorations in Aetolia. Woodhouse was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney in 1901, a chair he held until his death. He also served as honorary curator of the Nicholson Museum of Antiquities, expanding its collection. Besides Thucydides, he translated Tacitus.

Paul Bestor Woodruff (1943-2023), philosopher and classicist. Woodruff completed an A.B. in Classics at Princeton University in 1965 and a B.A. in Literae Humaniores as a Marshall Scholar at Merton College, Oxford, in 1968. After serving as a captain in the United States Army during the Vietnam War, he returned to Princeton to earn his Ph.D. in philosophy. Woodruff joined the faculty of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin in 1973, where he taught ancient philosophy and Greek literature for nearly fifty years. His scholarship encompassed ancient ethical and political thought, the philosophy of theater, and the translation and interpretation of classical texts.

John Crauford Wordsworth (1843-1911), classical scholar, biblical critic, and Anglican bishop. Wordsworth was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford. His principal scholarly achievement was his lifelong involvement in the critical edition of the Latin Vulgate New Testament. From 1878 onwards he directed an extensive programme of manuscript collation and textual analysis, resulting in the publication of the Gospels (1889-1895), Acts (1905), and related studies under the series Old Latin Biblical Texts. In 1885 he was consecrated Bishop of Salisbury, a position he held until his death. ODNB

Yujing Wu (1913-1993), historian, Professor at Wuhan University (1947-1993), Ph.D. at Harvard (1946). His research field was the history of the 15th-16th centuries. Wu was also interested in Classical studies: he published Ancient Greece and Rome (Beijing, 1957), and translated the seventh Book of Thucydides' History.

Daniel Albert Wyttenbach (1746-1820), classical scholar and philologist. Wyttenbach studied classical languages and philosophy at Marburg, Göttingen (under Christian Gottlob Heyne), and Leiden (with David Ruhnken). He taught at the Remonstrant Seminary and the Athenaeum Illustre in Amsterdam before succeeding Ruhnken as Professor of ancient languages and history and librarian at the University of Leiden (1799-1818). Wyttenbach edited several classical texts, most notably Plutarch's Moralia, and contributed to the development of modern Greek scholarship through his critical methods and extensive publications. He was a member of many learned societies, including the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. DHS

Defeng Xie (1906-1980), historian and translator. Xie studied English and History in Shanghai during the 1920s, and taught English at Fudan University (Shanghai) from 1931 until 1937, when he returned to his hometown in Hunan Province due to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, teaching in local high schools. In 1947 he joined Hunan University (Changsha) as an English instructor and became Professor of History at Hunan Normal University in 1953. Despite his full adherence to Marxism, he fell victim to the Maoist purges, yet survived. Besides Thucydides, he translated Appian's Roman History and several other works of modern Western historical scholarship.

Paulos G. Xipharas (20th century), classical scholar. He also translated Platos' Apology.

Songyan Xu (1963-), historian and translator specialising in classical civilisation and historiography. Xu holds a doctorate in history from Nankai University. He is Professor at Southwest University, where he directs the Institute of Classical Civilisations and the Hellenic Studies Centre. His research focuses on the history of classical western civilizations, and ancient historiography. Xu translated major Greek historical works into Chinese, including a 2004 version of Thucydides' History and a 2007 translation of Herodotus' Histories.

Antonio Zeno (16th century), Venetian patrician and humanist.