Tucídides. História da Guerra do Peloponeso †

Pedro II of Brazil (1825-1891), second and last emperor of Brazil, reigning from 1831 to 1889. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the son of Pedro I of Brazil and Maria Leopoldina of Austria. Pedro II presided over a long period of political stability, economic growth, and cultural development in Brazil. A committed constitutional monarch and patron of the sciences and humanities, he supported the abolition of slavery and maintained a moderate, pragmatic leadership style. He was deposed in a military coup in 1889 that ended the Brazilian monarchy and led to the establishment of the republic. He died in exile in Paris. A deeply erudite figure, Pedro II had a strong command of several languages, including Latin, Greek, French, English, and German, and was an avid reader and intellectual. He translated classical texts into Portuguese, maintained correspondence with scholars and writers across Europe, and actively supported the diffusion of education, libraries, and historical research in Brazil.