Marco Polo

Studies in Global Europe-Asia Connections

Appendix 2

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Abstract

Archaeological finds of wheat and barley in Central, East and South Asia between the sixth and second millennia BCE, illustrated in figures 9-10
Legend
1-0 indicates presence (1) and absence (0) of plant species
? Indicates the presence of plant species is unclear

Dating method is indicated as
AMS direct radiocarbon dating on seeds
C14 radiocarbon dating on other material
assoc. dating via cultural association
- data not available
T Triticum aestivum/durum – free-threshing wheat
H Hordeum vulgare – barley
O Oryza sativa – rice
P Panicum miliaceum – broomcorn millet
S Setaria italica – foxtail millet

under species column, w indicates possible wild species

Data compiled consulting Chen F.H. et al. 2015; He et al. 2022a; Liu et al. 2016; 2017; Stevens, Fuller 2017; Stevens, Zhuang, Fuller 2014; Stevens et al. 2016.


Open access | Peer reviewed

Presentato: 05 Febbraio 2025 | Accettato: 05 Maggio 2025 | Pubblicato 18 Settembre 2025 | Lingua: it