The chapter analyzes the general health condition of Roma in Italy, focusing particularly on measles, vaccine coverage, medical insurance coverage, pregnancy and motherhood, the unmet needs. The health condition of the Roma are differentiated on the basis of a number of variables, starting from the citizenship, the type of home and work. A very negative state of health emerges on the whole (especially in some areas of health) and a strong health inequality compared to the majority population. The risk factors and the fundamental causes of the rapid and premature deterioration of the health assets are primarily of a social nature: the serious housing problems and terribly unhealthy «living» conditions in camps, the wide exclusion from the labour market, the widespread truancy, the overall social exclusion, the ongoing institutional and media stigmatization.